Return to Istanbul
Soon after giving his Sermon, Bediuzzaman left Damascus for Beirut, and from there took the boat for Izmir and Istanbul. His intention in returning to Istanbul was to renew his efforts to found the Medresetü’z-Zehra or Eastern University. The last part of Münâzarat is devoted to this ideal of Bediuzzaman’s, and he many years later described it as “the spirit and foundation” of the work.[1. Kastamonu Lahikasi, 46.] Thus, after his long travels through the region he resolved to get official support and backing for the construction of the university, reaffirmed in his conviction that it was the most comprehensive and far-reaching solution for the region’s problems. And this time he was to have success, though the tide of events finally prevented the realization of his project.
The Rumelia Journey
On 5 June, 1911, Sultan Mehmed Reshad set out with a large retinue on his famous Rumelia Journey. It was to be the last time an Ottoman sultan visited the European provinces, for soon they were all to be lost to the Empire. The previous year had seen the first Albanian uprising. The purpose of the Sultan’s journey was to reawaken feelings of patriotism and solidarity among the various peoples of Macedonia and Albania in the face of the upsurge of nationalism, and to secure social calm. On the request of the Palace, Bediuzzaman joined those accompanying the Sultan as the representative of the Eastern Provinces.
Travelling by sea to Salonica, the Sultan and his party stayed there two days, and then continued their journey by train, arriving at Skopje on 11 June. In the same compartment as Bediuzzaman on the train were two school teachers who had studied modern science. A discussion of great relevance started between the three on their asking Bediuzzaman: “Which is more necessary and should be stronger, religious zeal or national zeal?” The gist of Bediuzzaman’s answer was that “With us Muslims religion and nationality are united, although there is a theoretical, apparent, and incidental difference between them... Religious zeal and Islamic nationhood have completely fused in Turk and Arab and may not now be separated...” And by means of a comparison in which Muslims were represented by a six-year-old child and Europeans or unbelievers by the heroes Hercules and Rustam, he demonstrated the unassailable strength of belief in Divine Unity.[2. Hutbe-i Samiye, 56-65.] Related from some elderly inhabitants of Skopje who recalled the visit was the following description of Bediuzzaman:
“Bediuzzaman was wearing boots. His moustaches were short and his eyes brilliant. He was a handsome, imposing young man with a darkish complexion. He carried a Circassian, gold tula-work whip and at his waist was an ivory-handled dagger. Within a short time he was known in Skopje as ‘Bediuzzaman Molla Said Efendi.’ The Skopje ‘ulama came group by group to visit him and put their questions to him.
“Bediuzzaman was immediately next to Sultan Reshad while the Sultan was greeting the people from the balcony of the High School in Skopje, which was later destroyed by an earthquake. Thousands of Skopjans gave them the most enthusiastic reception.”[3. Sahiner, N. Said Nursi, 141.]
On 16 June, the Sultan and his retinue arrived in Kosova from Pristina, and in the large open space where the tomb of Sultan Murad Hudavendigar is situated, they performed the Friday Prayers, a congregation of two hundred thousand. It was an unforgettable and nostalgic occasion.[4. Kutay, Cemal, Avrupa Topraklarinda Son Padisah, in Tarih Sohbetleri, v, 226.]
While in Kosova, there was much talk of a large university they were attempting to found there, doubtless for reasons similar to Bediuzzaman’s Medresetü’z-Zehra. It provided Bediuzzaman with just the opportunity he had been waiting for. He suggested to Sultan Reshad and the CUP leaders who were accompanying him that the East was in greater need of a university such as that, for it was like the centre of the Islamic world. They accepted his arguments and promised that a university would be opened in the Eastern Provinces. At the end of the following year, the Balkan War broke out and Kosova was lost to the Empire, whereupon Bediuzzaman applied for the nineteen thousand gold liras allotted to its proposed university. His application was accepted. He then returned to Van and on a site on the shores of Lake Van at Edremit, finally laid the foundations of the Medresetü’z-Zehra. But it was not to be. With the outbreak of the First World War shortly afterwards, the construction was halted and never resumed.[5. Tarihçe, 95.]
Sultan Reshad and his accompanying party completed their visit to Rumelia on returning to Salonica. There they once again boarded the warship Barbaros and attendant vessels, and, being greeted by a cannon-salute at Çanakkale, retraced their path to Istanbul. There, on 26 June, they were met by large welcoming crowds. The trip had lasted three weeks.[6. Sahiner, N. Said Nursi, 142-5.]
The tide that was flowing against the Ottomans was running too strongly by this time, however, to be stemmed by such gestures, despite the Sultan’s enthusiastic reception on the trip and the large demonstrations of loyalty. The nationalists and separatists continued to receive support from the foreign powers, but more than anything it was CUP misrule that exacerbated the already volatile situation and led finally to the end of Turkey in Europe with the Balkan Wars of 1912 and 1913. Also in late 1911 there had been the Tripolitanian War: Italy had attacked Tripoli and Benghazi, modern-day Libya, and they too were lost to the Empire. The Italians went on to occupy the Dodacanese Islands and bombard the entrance to the Dardanelles. And with the outbreak of the Balkan War in November 1912, Greece seized the Aegean Islands, and Salonica was also lost. The deposed Sultan Abdulhamid was hurriedly removed from his place of exile and taken to Beylerbeyi Palace in Istanbul. The unexpected occupation of Tripoli added to the other events caused a political crisis in Istanbul and the CUP were ousted from power for a period of some six months, from July 1912 until the famous ‘Raid on the Sublime Porte’ in January 1913 led by Enver Pasha. After the liberation of Edirne in July 1913, Enver was made Minister of War, and it was he who set up the alliance with Germany the following year which brought Turkey into the First World War on the side of the Central Powers.
Return to Van – 1913
Sometime previously to this Bediuzzaman had returned to Van, for it was at that time that he laid the foundations for the Medresetü’z-Zehra. His old patron and friend Tahir Pasha,[7. Tahir Pasha, who was ill, returned to Istanbul around the beginning of 1913, where he died in November of that year. See Son Sahitler, iii, 16-20. He was succeeded by Tahsin Bey, also a friend and supporter of Bediuzzaman’s.] the Governor of Van, was present at the ceremony, and both he and Bediuzzaman gave speeches. The occasion was marked by further celebrations and a banquet.[8. Polatoglu, Nuh, in Son Sahitler, i, 90.]
During his researches in the Archives of the Prime Minister’s Office in Istanbul, Necmeddin Sahiner has unearthed twenty or so documents concerning this matter, most of which bear the seal and signature of Tahsin Bey, the Governor of Van, and are addressed to the Palace and Sultan Reshad. N. Sahiner writes that Sultan Reshad was well-informed of the progress of the project. In the letter he quotes, dated 4 Haziran 1329 (17 June 1913), the Governor writes to the Grand Vizier’s Office that all the ‘ulama, notables, and tribal chiefs of the area were requesting the speedy payment of sufficient money “from the Imperial pocket” – only a small amount had been paid up to that time due to the financial straits of the Government – to begin the construction of an Islamic university for eighty students in Van, the plans and preliminaries of which had already been completed. It was hoped the running costs would be met by the Imperial Estates. He writes it would be an important point of support for the continued existence of Islam and the Ottomans [in the area] in the face of daily increasing Shi’i propaganda and the ignorance of the Kurdish people. It would strengthen feeling for Islam and remove every sort of misunderstanding, and would be most beneficial and effective.[9. Sahiner, N. Said Nursi (8th edn.), 161-2.]
While in Van, Bediuzzaman spent much of his time teaching his students in his medrese, the Horhor, which took its onomatopoeic name from the spring that rose at its side. A young visitor to the medrese described it as follows: “There was a green-covered table in Bediuzzaman’s medrese in Horhor on which he had written out in thumb-tacks the Hadith: ‘Seek knowledge from the cradle to the grave.’ He himself taught the students when they had finished studying. His students were all selected. He taught about twenty-five of them. He was very fond of me and never called me by my name; he used to call me ‘nephew’. Before the War he used to stay in Nurshin and Hüsrev Pasha Mosques...”[10. Arvasi, Abdülbaki, in Son Sahitler, i, 99-100.]
It was also during this visit to the East that what was known as the Bitlis Incident occurred, when, in July 1913, rebelling against the irreligious behaviour of some of the military commanders of the Government, Shaykh Selim of Hizan occupied the town for a week.[11. Mardin, Serif, Religion and Social Change in Modern Turkey, The Case of Bediuzzaman Said Nursi, New York 1989, 88.] The shaykh had first approached Bediuzzaman seeking his support. But as on numerous occasions including the much larger Shaykh Said revolt in 1925, Bediuzzaman declined, refusing to draw his sword against fellow Muslims. He told the shaykh:
“Those bad things and that irreligious behaviour is peculiar to commanders like those. The Army is not responsible for them. There are perhaps a hundred thousand saints in the Ottoman Army; I will not draw my sword against it. I will not join you.” He continued: “Those people left me, drew their swords, and the futile Bitlis Incident occurred. A short time, later, the First World War broke out, and the Army took part in it in the name of religion, it undertook the Holy War. A hundred thousand martyrs from the Army attained the rank of sainthood, and confirming what I had said, signed their diplomas of sainthood with their blood...”[12. Sualar, 302.]
Soon after giving his Sermon, Bediuzzaman left Damascus for Beirut, and from there took the boat for Izmir and Istanbul. His intention in returning to Istanbul was to renew his efforts to found the Medresetü’z-Zehra or Eastern University. The last part of Münâzarat is devoted to this ideal of Bediuzzaman’s, and he many years later described it as “the spirit and foundation” of the work.[1. Kastamonu Lahikasi, 46.] Thus, after his long travels through the region he resolved to get official support and backing for the construction of the university, reaffirmed in his conviction that it was the most comprehensive and far-reaching solution for the region’s problems. And this time he was to have success, though the tide of events finally prevented the realization of his project.
The Rumelia Journey
On 5 June, 1911, Sultan Mehmed Reshad set out with a large retinue on his famous Rumelia Journey. It was to be the last time an Ottoman sultan visited the European provinces, for soon they were all to be lost to the Empire. The previous year had seen the first Albanian uprising. The purpose of the Sultan’s journey was to reawaken feelings of patriotism and solidarity among the various peoples of Macedonia and Albania in the face of the upsurge of nationalism, and to secure social calm. On the request of the Palace, Bediuzzaman joined those accompanying the Sultan as the representative of the Eastern Provinces.
Travelling by sea to Salonica, the Sultan and his party stayed there two days, and then continued their journey by train, arriving at Skopje on 11 June. In the same compartment as Bediuzzaman on the train were two school teachers who had studied modern science. A discussion of great relevance started between the three on their asking Bediuzzaman: “Which is more necessary and should be stronger, religious zeal or national zeal?” The gist of Bediuzzaman’s answer was that “With us Muslims religion and nationality are united, although there is a theoretical, apparent, and incidental difference between them... Religious zeal and Islamic nationhood have completely fused in Turk and Arab and may not now be separated...” And by means of a comparison in which Muslims were represented by a six-year-old child and Europeans or unbelievers by the heroes Hercules and Rustam, he demonstrated the unassailable strength of belief in Divine Unity.[2. Hutbe-i Samiye, 56-65.] Related from some elderly inhabitants of Skopje who recalled the visit was the following description of Bediuzzaman:
“Bediuzzaman was wearing boots. His moustaches were short and his eyes brilliant. He was a handsome, imposing young man with a darkish complexion. He carried a Circassian, gold tula-work whip and at his waist was an ivory-handled dagger. Within a short time he was known in Skopje as ‘Bediuzzaman Molla Said Efendi.’ The Skopje ‘ulama came group by group to visit him and put their questions to him.
“Bediuzzaman was immediately next to Sultan Reshad while the Sultan was greeting the people from the balcony of the High School in Skopje, which was later destroyed by an earthquake. Thousands of Skopjans gave them the most enthusiastic reception.”[3. Sahiner, N. Said Nursi, 141.]
On 16 June, the Sultan and his retinue arrived in Kosova from Pristina, and in the large open space where the tomb of Sultan Murad Hudavendigar is situated, they performed the Friday Prayers, a congregation of two hundred thousand. It was an unforgettable and nostalgic occasion.[4. Kutay, Cemal, Avrupa Topraklarinda Son Padisah, in Tarih Sohbetleri, v, 226.]
While in Kosova, there was much talk of a large university they were attempting to found there, doubtless for reasons similar to Bediuzzaman’s Medresetü’z-Zehra. It provided Bediuzzaman with just the opportunity he had been waiting for. He suggested to Sultan Reshad and the CUP leaders who were accompanying him that the East was in greater need of a university such as that, for it was like the centre of the Islamic world. They accepted his arguments and promised that a university would be opened in the Eastern Provinces. At the end of the following year, the Balkan War broke out and Kosova was lost to the Empire, whereupon Bediuzzaman applied for the nineteen thousand gold liras allotted to its proposed university. His application was accepted. He then returned to Van and on a site on the shores of Lake Van at Edremit, finally laid the foundations of the Medresetü’z-Zehra. But it was not to be. With the outbreak of the First World War shortly afterwards, the construction was halted and never resumed.[5. Tarihçe, 95.]
Sultan Reshad and his accompanying party completed their visit to Rumelia on returning to Salonica. There they once again boarded the warship Barbaros and attendant vessels, and, being greeted by a cannon-salute at Çanakkale, retraced their path to Istanbul. There, on 26 June, they were met by large welcoming crowds. The trip had lasted three weeks.[6. Sahiner, N. Said Nursi, 142-5.]
The tide that was flowing against the Ottomans was running too strongly by this time, however, to be stemmed by such gestures, despite the Sultan’s enthusiastic reception on the trip and the large demonstrations of loyalty. The nationalists and separatists continued to receive support from the foreign powers, but more than anything it was CUP misrule that exacerbated the already volatile situation and led finally to the end of Turkey in Europe with the Balkan Wars of 1912 and 1913. Also in late 1911 there had been the Tripolitanian War: Italy had attacked Tripoli and Benghazi, modern-day Libya, and they too were lost to the Empire. The Italians went on to occupy the Dodacanese Islands and bombard the entrance to the Dardanelles. And with the outbreak of the Balkan War in November 1912, Greece seized the Aegean Islands, and Salonica was also lost. The deposed Sultan Abdulhamid was hurriedly removed from his place of exile and taken to Beylerbeyi Palace in Istanbul. The unexpected occupation of Tripoli added to the other events caused a political crisis in Istanbul and the CUP were ousted from power for a period of some six months, from July 1912 until the famous ‘Raid on the Sublime Porte’ in January 1913 led by Enver Pasha. After the liberation of Edirne in July 1913, Enver was made Minister of War, and it was he who set up the alliance with Germany the following year which brought Turkey into the First World War on the side of the Central Powers.
Return to Van – 1913
Sometime previously to this Bediuzzaman had returned to Van, for it was at that time that he laid the foundations for the Medresetü’z-Zehra. His old patron and friend Tahir Pasha,[7. Tahir Pasha, who was ill, returned to Istanbul around the beginning of 1913, where he died in November of that year. See Son Sahitler, iii, 16-20. He was succeeded by Tahsin Bey, also a friend and supporter of Bediuzzaman’s.] the Governor of Van, was present at the ceremony, and both he and Bediuzzaman gave speeches. The occasion was marked by further celebrations and a banquet.[8. Polatoglu, Nuh, in Son Sahitler, i, 90.]
During his researches in the Archives of the Prime Minister’s Office in Istanbul, Necmeddin Sahiner has unearthed twenty or so documents concerning this matter, most of which bear the seal and signature of Tahsin Bey, the Governor of Van, and are addressed to the Palace and Sultan Reshad. N. Sahiner writes that Sultan Reshad was well-informed of the progress of the project. In the letter he quotes, dated 4 Haziran 1329 (17 June 1913), the Governor writes to the Grand Vizier’s Office that all the ‘ulama, notables, and tribal chiefs of the area were requesting the speedy payment of sufficient money “from the Imperial pocket” – only a small amount had been paid up to that time due to the financial straits of the Government – to begin the construction of an Islamic university for eighty students in Van, the plans and preliminaries of which had already been completed. It was hoped the running costs would be met by the Imperial Estates. He writes it would be an important point of support for the continued existence of Islam and the Ottomans [in the area] in the face of daily increasing Shi’i propaganda and the ignorance of the Kurdish people. It would strengthen feeling for Islam and remove every sort of misunderstanding, and would be most beneficial and effective.[9. Sahiner, N. Said Nursi (8th edn.), 161-2.]
While in Van, Bediuzzaman spent much of his time teaching his students in his medrese, the Horhor, which took its onomatopoeic name from the spring that rose at its side. A young visitor to the medrese described it as follows: “There was a green-covered table in Bediuzzaman’s medrese in Horhor on which he had written out in thumb-tacks the Hadith: ‘Seek knowledge from the cradle to the grave.’ He himself taught the students when they had finished studying. His students were all selected. He taught about twenty-five of them. He was very fond of me and never called me by my name; he used to call me ‘nephew’. Before the War he used to stay in Nurshin and Hüsrev Pasha Mosques...”[10. Arvasi, Abdülbaki, in Son Sahitler, i, 99-100.]
It was also during this visit to the East that what was known as the Bitlis Incident occurred, when, in July 1913, rebelling against the irreligious behaviour of some of the military commanders of the Government, Shaykh Selim of Hizan occupied the town for a week.[11. Mardin, Serif, Religion and Social Change in Modern Turkey, The Case of Bediuzzaman Said Nursi, New York 1989, 88.] The shaykh had first approached Bediuzzaman seeking his support. But as on numerous occasions including the much larger Shaykh Said revolt in 1925, Bediuzzaman declined, refusing to draw his sword against fellow Muslims. He told the shaykh:
“Those bad things and that irreligious behaviour is peculiar to commanders like those. The Army is not responsible for them. There are perhaps a hundred thousand saints in the Ottoman Army; I will not draw my sword against it. I will not join you.” He continued: “Those people left me, drew their swords, and the futile Bitlis Incident occurred. A short time, later, the First World War broke out, and the Army took part in it in the name of religion, it undertook the Holy War. A hundred thousand martyrs from the Army attained the rank of sainthood, and confirming what I had said, signed their diplomas of sainthood with their blood...”[12. Sualar, 302.]
Bab Enam: Rumelia Journey
Kembali ke Istanbul
Segera setelah dia memberikan Sermon, Bediuzzaman kiri untuk Beirut Damaskus, dan dari sana mengambil perahu untuk Izmir dan Istanbul. Beliau kembali ke niat di Istanbul adalah untuk memperbarui usahanya untuk menemukan Medresetü'z-Zehra Timur atau Universitas. Bagian terakhir Münâzarat ini dikhususkan untuk Bediuzzaman yang ideal, dan beberapa tahun kemudian ia digambarkan sebagai "semangat dan yayasan" kerja. [1. Kastamonu Lahikasi, 46.] Dengan demikian, setelah melalui perjalanan panjang di wilayah terselesaikan dia untuk mendapatkan dukungan resmi dan backing untuk pembangunan universitas, reaffirmed dalam keyakinan bahwa itu adalah yang paling komprehensif dan sampai jauh solusi untuk wilayah masalah. Dan saat ini dia telah sukses, namun peristiwa tide akhirnya dicegah realisasi proyek itu.
The Journey Rumelia
Pada tanggal 5 Juni 1911, Sultan Mehmed Reshad ditetapkan dengan rombongan besar pada Rumelia terkenal Journey. Ia menjadi yang terakhir kali suatu sultan Usmani mengunjungi Eropa provinsi tersebut, untuk segera mereka semua akan hilang dengan Empire. Tahun sebelumnya telah terlihat pemberontakan pertama Albania. Tujuan Sultan dari perjalanan ini adalah untuk menimbulkan kembali perasaan patriotisme dan solidaritas di antara berbagai bangsa dari Makedonia dan Albania di muka dengan kenaikan nasionalisme, aman dan tenang sosial. Pada permintaan dari Istana, mereka bergabung dengan Bediuzzaman Sultan sebagai wakil dari Provinsi Timur.
Perjalanan laut ke Salonica, Sultan dan pihak tinggal di sana dua hari, kemudian mereka melanjutkan perjalanan dengan kereta api, tiba di Skopje pada 11 Juni. Di satu komponen Bediuzzaman di kereta dua guru sekolah yang telah belajar sains modern. Sebuah diskusi yang besar dimulai relevansi antara tiga Bediuzzaman bertanya pada mereka: "Manakah yang lebih penting dan harus lebih kuat, semangat keagamaan atau nasional semangat?" The esensi dari Bediuzzaman tersebut adalah "Dengan kita agama Islam dan kebangsaan yang bersatu, meskipun ada teori, jelas, dan kebetulan perbedaan antara mereka ... Semangat dan agama Islam memiliki kedudukan sbg negara merdeka sepenuhnya tergabung dalam Turki dan Arab dan sekarang tidak dapat dipisahkan ... "Dan dengan perbandingan di mana umat Islam diwakili oleh enam tahun dan anak atau orang-orang Eropa oleh pahlawan Hercules dan Rustam, dia yg tak dpt disangkal yang menunjukkan kekuatan kepercayaan Divine Unity. [2. Hutbe-i Samiye, 56-65.] Terkait dari beberapa orang tua penduduk yang recalled Skopje dari kunjungan adalah sebagai berikut keterangan Bediuzzaman:
"Bediuzzaman was wearing boots. His moustaches yang singkat dan kedua matanya cemerlang. Ia adalah seorang handsome, pemuda mengagumkan dengan corak darkish. Dia membawa sebuah Circassian, emas Tula-cambuk dan bekerja di pinggang adalah gading-menangani dagger. Dalam waktu singkat dia telah dikenal di Skopje sebagai 'Bediuzzaman Molla Said Efendi.' The Skopje 'ulama datang kelompok oleh kelompok untuk mengunjungi dia dan menempatkan pertanyaan kepadanya.
"Bediuzzaman langsung di samping Sultan Reshad sementara Sultan adalah ucapan orang-orang dari balkon High School di Skopje, yang kemudian dihancurkan oleh gempa bumi. Ribuan Skopjans kepada mereka yang paling antusias penerimaan. "[3. Sahiner, N. Said Nursi, 141.]
Pada tanggal 16 Juni, Sultan dan rombongan tiba di Kosova dari Pristina, dan besar di ruang terbuka di mana makam Sultan Murad Hudavendigar terletak, mereka melaksanakan salat Jumat, yang berjamaah dua ratus ribu. Ia yang tak terlupakan dan rindu kesempatan. [4. Kutay, Cemal, Avrupa Topraklarinda Anak Padisah, di Tarih Sohbetleri, v, 226.]
Sedangkan di Kosova, terdapat begitu banyak berbicara dari universitas besar mereka berusaha untuk ditemukan di sana, pasti dengan alasan yang mirip dengan Bediuzzaman's Medresetü'z-Zehra. Bediuzzaman ia diberikan kesempatan hanya dengan dia telah menunggu. Ia menyarankan kepada Sultan Reshad dan CUP pemimpin yang mendampingi orang yang berada di sebelah timur harus lebih besar dari universitas seperti itu, untuk itu seperti berada di tengah dunia Islam. Mereka yang diterima dan argumen yang dijanjikan universitas akan dibuka di wilayah timur Provinsi. Pada akhir tahun berikutnya, Perang Balkan yang pecah dan Kosova telah hilang dengan Empire, dimana Bediuzzaman diterapkan untuk sembilan belas ribu emas liras dialokasikan ke universitas yang diusulkan. Aplikasi-Nya telah diterima. Dia kemudian kembali ke Van dan di situs di tepi danau di Van Edremit, akhirnya meletakkan landasan yang Medresetü'z-Zehra. Tetapi ia tidak boleh. Dengan kejadian di Perang Dunia Pertama, segera setelah itu, pembangunan telah dihentikan dan tidak dilanjutkan. [5. Tarihçe, 95.]
Sultan Reshad dan mendampingi pihak menyelesaikan kunjungan mereka ke Rumelia pada kembali ke Salonica. Mereka sekali lagi boarded yang hadir dan kapal perang Barbaros kapal, dan, yang disambut oleh sebuah meriam-salute di Çanakkale, mereka kembali ke jalur Istanbul. Di sana, pada tanggal 26 Juni, mereka dijemput oleh kelompok besar menyambut. Perjalanan yang telah berlangsung tiga bulan. [6. Sahiner, N. Said Nursi, 142-5.]
The tide yang mengalir terhadap Ottomans telah berjalan terlalu kuat saat ini, namun harus stemmed oleh gerak-gerik seperti itu, meskipun Sultan antusias dari penerimaan di perjalanan dan demonstrasi besar kesetiaan. Nationalists dan separatis yang terus menerima dukungan dari luar kekuasaan, tetapi lebih dari itu sesuatu yang salah atur CUP kian situasi yang sudah berubah dan akhirnya membawa ke akhir Turki di Eropa dengan Balkan Wars dari 1912 dan 1913. Juga pada akhir 1911 ada yang telah Tripolitanian War: Italia telah menyerang Tripoli dan Benghazi, Libya modern-hari, dan mereka hilang terlalu ke Empire. Yang pergi ke Italia menempati Dodacanese Kepulauan dan membombardir pintu masuk ke Dardanelles. Dan dengan kejadian pada Perang Balkan pada bulan November 1912, Yunani menangkap Aegean Islands, dan Salonica juga hilang. Memecat Sultan Abdulhamid yang terburu-buru telah dihapus dari tempat pembuangan dan dibawa ke Istana Beylerbeyi di Istanbul. Pekerjaan yang tidak terduga Tripoli ditambahkan ke dalam aktivitas lainnya mengakibatkan krisis politik di Istanbul dan CUP ousted dari kuasa yang selama beberapa enam bulan, dari Juli 1912 sampai terkenal 'Raid di Porte sublim' pada Januari 1913 dipimpin oleh Enver Pasha. Setelah kemerdekaan dari Edirne pada bulan Juli 1913, Enver dilakukan Menteri Perang, dan dia yang mengatur persekutuan dengan Jerman pada tahun berikutnya yang membawa Turki ke dalam Perang Dunia Pertama di samping Balai Powers.
Kembali ke Van - 1913
Sometime sebelumnya Bediuzzaman ini telah kembali ke Van, untuk itu pada waktu itu dia meletakkan landasan untuk Medresetü'z-Zehra. Nya lama pelindung dan teman Tahir Pasha, [7. Tahir Pasha, yang sakit, kembali ke Istanbul sekitar awal 1913, di mana dia meninggal pada bulan November tahun itu. Anak melihat Sahitler, iii, 16-20. Dia berhasil Tahsin oleh Bey, juga seorang teman dan pendukung yang Bediuzzaman's.] Gubernur Van, telah hadir pada acara, dan ia dan kedua Bediuzzaman memberikan pidato. Kesempatan yang telah ditandai oleh lebih perayaan dan perjamuan. [8. Polatoglu, Nuh, dalam Anak Sahitler, i, 90.]
Selama penelitian di Archives of the Prime Minister's Office di Istanbul, Necmeddin Sahiner telah unearthed jadi dua puluh atau dokumen tentang hal ini, sebagian besar yang menanggung cap dan tanda tangan dari Tahsin Bey, Gubernur Van, dan dialamatkan kepada Istana dan Sultan Reshad. N. Sahiner menulis bahwa Sultan Reshad yang baik tentang perkembangan pelaksanaan proyek. Dalam surat yang ia tanda kutip, tanggal 4 Haziran 1329 (17 Juni 1913), Gubernur menulis ke Grand wazir Kantor bahwa semua 'ulama, kaum bangsawan, dan pemimpin-pemimpin suku kawasan yang cepat telah meminta pembayaran sejumlah uang yang cukup "dari Imperial saku "- hanya sedikit yang telah dibayar sampai waktu itu karena keuangan Straits Pemerintah - untuk memulai pembangunan sebuah universitas Islam untuk delapan puluh siswa Van, rencana dan persiapan yang sudah selesai. Ia berharap menjalankan biaya akan dijemput oleh Imperial Estates. Dia menulis itu akan menjadi titik penting untuk terus mendukung keberadaan Islam dan Ottomans [di daerah] di muka harian meningkatkan Shi'i propaganda dan ketidaktahuan dari orang-orang Kurdi. Ia akan memperkuat rasa untuk Islam dan menghapus setiap jenis kesalahpahaman, dan akan paling bermanfaat dan efektif. [9. Sahiner, N. Said Nursi (8th edn.), 161-2.]
Sedangkan di Van, Bediuzzaman orang menghabiskan banyak waktu ia mengajar siswa di medrese, yang Horhor, yang membawa nama nya onomatopoeic dari mata air yang meningkat pada sisi. J muda pengunjung ke medrese dijelaskan sebagai berikut: "Ada satu meja hijau-tercakup dalam Bediuzzaman's medrese di Horhor di mana dia telah tertulis dalam thumb tacks-hadis:" Carilah ilmu dari cradle ke kubur. Ia sendiri mengajar para siswa ketika mereka telah selesai belajar. Semua murid-Nya yang dipilih. Dia mengajar tentang dua puluh lima di antaranya. Dia sangat menggilai saya dan saya tidak pernah dipanggil oleh nama saya, ia digunakan untuk memanggil saya 'keponakan'. Sebelum Perang ia digunakan untuk tinggal di Nurshin dan Pasha Hüsrev Mesjid ..."[ 10. Arvasi, Abdülbaki, dalam Anak Sahitler, i, 99-100.]
Ia juga selama ini kunjungan ke Timur bahwa apa yang dikenal sebagai Bitlis Incident terjadi, kapan, pada bulan Juli 1913, tak rebelling terhadap tingkah laku beberapa komandan militer Pemerintah, Shaykh Selim dari Hizan menduduki kota selama seminggu . [11. Mardin, berkait, Agama dan Perubahan Sosial di Turki modern, Kasus Bediuzzaman Said Nursi, New York 1989, 88.] The shaykh telah mendekati Bediuzzaman pertama ia mencari dukungan. Tetapi karena pada banyak kesempatan yang lebih luas termasuk Shaykh Said pemberontakan pada tahun 1925, Bediuzzaman menolak, menolak untuk mengambil pedang itu terhadap sesama muslim. Dia memberitahu shaykh:
"Mereka yang buruk dan hal-hal yang tak laku yang aneh seperti itu ke komandan. Army yang tidak bertanggung jawab untuk mereka. Mungkin ada ratusan ribu orang kudus di Usmani Army; Aku tidak akan mengambil pedang saya menentangnya. Saya tidak akan bergabung dengan anda. "Dia terus:" Orang-orang kiri saya, drew pedang mereka, dan sia-sia Bitlis Incident terjadi. J waktu singkat, kemudian Perang Dunia Pertama pecah, dan Army mengambil bagian di dalamnya atas nama agama, ia melakukan Perang Suci. J ratus ribu martir dari Army dicapai urutan kedewaan, dan membenarkan apa yang saya telah mengatakan, mereka menandatangani diploma dari kesucian dengan darah mereka ..."[ 12. Sualar, 302.]
Kembali ke Istanbul
Segera setelah dia memberikan Sermon, Bediuzzaman kiri untuk Beirut Damaskus, dan dari sana mengambil perahu untuk Izmir dan Istanbul. Beliau kembali ke niat di Istanbul adalah untuk memperbarui usahanya untuk menemukan Medresetü'z-Zehra Timur atau Universitas. Bagian terakhir Münâzarat ini dikhususkan untuk Bediuzzaman yang ideal, dan beberapa tahun kemudian ia digambarkan sebagai "semangat dan yayasan" kerja. [1. Kastamonu Lahikasi, 46.] Dengan demikian, setelah melalui perjalanan panjang di wilayah terselesaikan dia untuk mendapatkan dukungan resmi dan backing untuk pembangunan universitas, reaffirmed dalam keyakinan bahwa itu adalah yang paling komprehensif dan sampai jauh solusi untuk wilayah masalah. Dan saat ini dia telah sukses, namun peristiwa tide akhirnya dicegah realisasi proyek itu.
The Journey Rumelia
Pada tanggal 5 Juni 1911, Sultan Mehmed Reshad ditetapkan dengan rombongan besar pada Rumelia terkenal Journey. Ia menjadi yang terakhir kali suatu sultan Usmani mengunjungi Eropa provinsi tersebut, untuk segera mereka semua akan hilang dengan Empire. Tahun sebelumnya telah terlihat pemberontakan pertama Albania. Tujuan Sultan dari perjalanan ini adalah untuk menimbulkan kembali perasaan patriotisme dan solidaritas di antara berbagai bangsa dari Makedonia dan Albania di muka dengan kenaikan nasionalisme, aman dan tenang sosial. Pada permintaan dari Istana, mereka bergabung dengan Bediuzzaman Sultan sebagai wakil dari Provinsi Timur.
Perjalanan laut ke Salonica, Sultan dan pihak tinggal di sana dua hari, kemudian mereka melanjutkan perjalanan dengan kereta api, tiba di Skopje pada 11 Juni. Di satu komponen Bediuzzaman di kereta dua guru sekolah yang telah belajar sains modern. Sebuah diskusi yang besar dimulai relevansi antara tiga Bediuzzaman bertanya pada mereka: "Manakah yang lebih penting dan harus lebih kuat, semangat keagamaan atau nasional semangat?" The esensi dari Bediuzzaman tersebut adalah "Dengan kita agama Islam dan kebangsaan yang bersatu, meskipun ada teori, jelas, dan kebetulan perbedaan antara mereka ... Semangat dan agama Islam memiliki kedudukan sbg negara merdeka sepenuhnya tergabung dalam Turki dan Arab dan sekarang tidak dapat dipisahkan ... "Dan dengan perbandingan di mana umat Islam diwakili oleh enam tahun dan anak atau orang-orang Eropa oleh pahlawan Hercules dan Rustam, dia yg tak dpt disangkal yang menunjukkan kekuatan kepercayaan Divine Unity. [2. Hutbe-i Samiye, 56-65.] Terkait dari beberapa orang tua penduduk yang recalled Skopje dari kunjungan adalah sebagai berikut keterangan Bediuzzaman:
"Bediuzzaman was wearing boots. His moustaches yang singkat dan kedua matanya cemerlang. Ia adalah seorang handsome, pemuda mengagumkan dengan corak darkish. Dia membawa sebuah Circassian, emas Tula-cambuk dan bekerja di pinggang adalah gading-menangani dagger. Dalam waktu singkat dia telah dikenal di Skopje sebagai 'Bediuzzaman Molla Said Efendi.' The Skopje 'ulama datang kelompok oleh kelompok untuk mengunjungi dia dan menempatkan pertanyaan kepadanya.
"Bediuzzaman langsung di samping Sultan Reshad sementara Sultan adalah ucapan orang-orang dari balkon High School di Skopje, yang kemudian dihancurkan oleh gempa bumi. Ribuan Skopjans kepada mereka yang paling antusias penerimaan. "[3. Sahiner, N. Said Nursi, 141.]
Pada tanggal 16 Juni, Sultan dan rombongan tiba di Kosova dari Pristina, dan besar di ruang terbuka di mana makam Sultan Murad Hudavendigar terletak, mereka melaksanakan salat Jumat, yang berjamaah dua ratus ribu. Ia yang tak terlupakan dan rindu kesempatan. [4. Kutay, Cemal, Avrupa Topraklarinda Anak Padisah, di Tarih Sohbetleri, v, 226.]
Sedangkan di Kosova, terdapat begitu banyak berbicara dari universitas besar mereka berusaha untuk ditemukan di sana, pasti dengan alasan yang mirip dengan Bediuzzaman's Medresetü'z-Zehra. Bediuzzaman ia diberikan kesempatan hanya dengan dia telah menunggu. Ia menyarankan kepada Sultan Reshad dan CUP pemimpin yang mendampingi orang yang berada di sebelah timur harus lebih besar dari universitas seperti itu, untuk itu seperti berada di tengah dunia Islam. Mereka yang diterima dan argumen yang dijanjikan universitas akan dibuka di wilayah timur Provinsi. Pada akhir tahun berikutnya, Perang Balkan yang pecah dan Kosova telah hilang dengan Empire, dimana Bediuzzaman diterapkan untuk sembilan belas ribu emas liras dialokasikan ke universitas yang diusulkan. Aplikasi-Nya telah diterima. Dia kemudian kembali ke Van dan di situs di tepi danau di Van Edremit, akhirnya meletakkan landasan yang Medresetü'z-Zehra. Tetapi ia tidak boleh. Dengan kejadian di Perang Dunia Pertama, segera setelah itu, pembangunan telah dihentikan dan tidak dilanjutkan. [5. Tarihçe, 95.]
Sultan Reshad dan mendampingi pihak menyelesaikan kunjungan mereka ke Rumelia pada kembali ke Salonica. Mereka sekali lagi boarded yang hadir dan kapal perang Barbaros kapal, dan, yang disambut oleh sebuah meriam-salute di Çanakkale, mereka kembali ke jalur Istanbul. Di sana, pada tanggal 26 Juni, mereka dijemput oleh kelompok besar menyambut. Perjalanan yang telah berlangsung tiga bulan. [6. Sahiner, N. Said Nursi, 142-5.]
The tide yang mengalir terhadap Ottomans telah berjalan terlalu kuat saat ini, namun harus stemmed oleh gerak-gerik seperti itu, meskipun Sultan antusias dari penerimaan di perjalanan dan demonstrasi besar kesetiaan. Nationalists dan separatis yang terus menerima dukungan dari luar kekuasaan, tetapi lebih dari itu sesuatu yang salah atur CUP kian situasi yang sudah berubah dan akhirnya membawa ke akhir Turki di Eropa dengan Balkan Wars dari 1912 dan 1913. Juga pada akhir 1911 ada yang telah Tripolitanian War: Italia telah menyerang Tripoli dan Benghazi, Libya modern-hari, dan mereka hilang terlalu ke Empire. Yang pergi ke Italia menempati Dodacanese Kepulauan dan membombardir pintu masuk ke Dardanelles. Dan dengan kejadian pada Perang Balkan pada bulan November 1912, Yunani menangkap Aegean Islands, dan Salonica juga hilang. Memecat Sultan Abdulhamid yang terburu-buru telah dihapus dari tempat pembuangan dan dibawa ke Istana Beylerbeyi di Istanbul. Pekerjaan yang tidak terduga Tripoli ditambahkan ke dalam aktivitas lainnya mengakibatkan krisis politik di Istanbul dan CUP ousted dari kuasa yang selama beberapa enam bulan, dari Juli 1912 sampai terkenal 'Raid di Porte sublim' pada Januari 1913 dipimpin oleh Enver Pasha. Setelah kemerdekaan dari Edirne pada bulan Juli 1913, Enver dilakukan Menteri Perang, dan dia yang mengatur persekutuan dengan Jerman pada tahun berikutnya yang membawa Turki ke dalam Perang Dunia Pertama di samping Balai Powers.
Kembali ke Van - 1913
Sometime sebelumnya Bediuzzaman ini telah kembali ke Van, untuk itu pada waktu itu dia meletakkan landasan untuk Medresetü'z-Zehra. Nya lama pelindung dan teman Tahir Pasha, [7. Tahir Pasha, yang sakit, kembali ke Istanbul sekitar awal 1913, di mana dia meninggal pada bulan November tahun itu. Anak melihat Sahitler, iii, 16-20. Dia berhasil Tahsin oleh Bey, juga seorang teman dan pendukung yang Bediuzzaman's.] Gubernur Van, telah hadir pada acara, dan ia dan kedua Bediuzzaman memberikan pidato. Kesempatan yang telah ditandai oleh lebih perayaan dan perjamuan. [8. Polatoglu, Nuh, dalam Anak Sahitler, i, 90.]
Selama penelitian di Archives of the Prime Minister's Office di Istanbul, Necmeddin Sahiner telah unearthed jadi dua puluh atau dokumen tentang hal ini, sebagian besar yang menanggung cap dan tanda tangan dari Tahsin Bey, Gubernur Van, dan dialamatkan kepada Istana dan Sultan Reshad. N. Sahiner menulis bahwa Sultan Reshad yang baik tentang perkembangan pelaksanaan proyek. Dalam surat yang ia tanda kutip, tanggal 4 Haziran 1329 (17 Juni 1913), Gubernur menulis ke Grand wazir Kantor bahwa semua 'ulama, kaum bangsawan, dan pemimpin-pemimpin suku kawasan yang cepat telah meminta pembayaran sejumlah uang yang cukup "dari Imperial saku "- hanya sedikit yang telah dibayar sampai waktu itu karena keuangan Straits Pemerintah - untuk memulai pembangunan sebuah universitas Islam untuk delapan puluh siswa Van, rencana dan persiapan yang sudah selesai. Ia berharap menjalankan biaya akan dijemput oleh Imperial Estates. Dia menulis itu akan menjadi titik penting untuk terus mendukung keberadaan Islam dan Ottomans [di daerah] di muka harian meningkatkan Shi'i propaganda dan ketidaktahuan dari orang-orang Kurdi. Ia akan memperkuat rasa untuk Islam dan menghapus setiap jenis kesalahpahaman, dan akan paling bermanfaat dan efektif. [9. Sahiner, N. Said Nursi (8th edn.), 161-2.]
Sedangkan di Van, Bediuzzaman orang menghabiskan banyak waktu ia mengajar siswa di medrese, yang Horhor, yang membawa nama nya onomatopoeic dari mata air yang meningkat pada sisi. J muda pengunjung ke medrese dijelaskan sebagai berikut: "Ada satu meja hijau-tercakup dalam Bediuzzaman's medrese di Horhor di mana dia telah tertulis dalam thumb tacks-hadis:" Carilah ilmu dari cradle ke kubur. Ia sendiri mengajar para siswa ketika mereka telah selesai belajar. Semua murid-Nya yang dipilih. Dia mengajar tentang dua puluh lima di antaranya. Dia sangat menggilai saya dan saya tidak pernah dipanggil oleh nama saya, ia digunakan untuk memanggil saya 'keponakan'. Sebelum Perang ia digunakan untuk tinggal di Nurshin dan Pasha Hüsrev Mesjid ..."[ 10. Arvasi, Abdülbaki, dalam Anak Sahitler, i, 99-100.]
Ia juga selama ini kunjungan ke Timur bahwa apa yang dikenal sebagai Bitlis Incident terjadi, kapan, pada bulan Juli 1913, tak rebelling terhadap tingkah laku beberapa komandan militer Pemerintah, Shaykh Selim dari Hizan menduduki kota selama seminggu . [11. Mardin, berkait, Agama dan Perubahan Sosial di Turki modern, Kasus Bediuzzaman Said Nursi, New York 1989, 88.] The shaykh telah mendekati Bediuzzaman pertama ia mencari dukungan. Tetapi karena pada banyak kesempatan yang lebih luas termasuk Shaykh Said pemberontakan pada tahun 1925, Bediuzzaman menolak, menolak untuk mengambil pedang itu terhadap sesama muslim. Dia memberitahu shaykh:
"Mereka yang buruk dan hal-hal yang tak laku yang aneh seperti itu ke komandan. Army yang tidak bertanggung jawab untuk mereka. Mungkin ada ratusan ribu orang kudus di Usmani Army; Aku tidak akan mengambil pedang saya menentangnya. Saya tidak akan bergabung dengan anda. "Dia terus:" Orang-orang kiri saya, drew pedang mereka, dan sia-sia Bitlis Incident terjadi. J waktu singkat, kemudian Perang Dunia Pertama pecah, dan Army mengambil bagian di dalamnya atas nama agama, ia melakukan Perang Suci. J ratus ribu martir dari Army dicapai urutan kedewaan, dan membenarkan apa yang saya telah mengatakan, mereka menandatangani diploma dari kesucian dengan darah mereka ..."[ 12. Sualar, 302.]
