“The Strongest Voice will be Islam’s”
In the December of 1919, Bediuzzaman had a “true dream” or sort of vision, which he subsequently recorded and included in Sünûhat.[1. Sünûhat, 41-47] He tells us there that he was at the time greatly distressed at the course of events and was “searching for a light in the dense darkness.” In his dream, Bediuzzaman was summoned by “a great assembly” made up of representatives of the leading figures of Islam from each century and called upon to give an account of the present state of Islam. Contrary to what might be expected, Bediuzzaman’s reply pointed out positive aspects of the defeat, including the strengthening of Islamic brotherhood and the Ottomans’ being saved from being carried away to a greater extent on “the tyrannical current” of capitalism. Then, in order to show why Islam rejects modern Western civilization, which was epitomised by the ugly and exploitative capitalism and aggressive imperialism of the time, he made a comparison of the principles on which Western civilization and Islamic civilization are based and their results. This extremely interesting and original exposition was greeted with approval by the Assembly in the dream, and one of the deputies declared:
“Yes, be hopeful! The loudest and strongest voice in the coming upheavals and changes will be that of Islam!”
The same comparison of Western and Islamic civilizations appears in different contexts in a number of Bediuzzaman’s works of the period. And from these and from other references to the same subject, we see in greater detail his views on the subject, and also the reasons for the optimism and hope for the future engendered by the dream.
It should be noted firstly that Bediuzzaman frequently pointed out that just as modern civilization was not the product or property of Christianity, neither was decline and retrogression in keeping with Islam: “To consider civilization to be the property of Christianity, which it is not, and to show decline, which is the enemy of Islam, to be its friend, is to suggest that the firmament is revolving in the opposite direction.”[2. Sünûhat, 60-61; Mektûbat, 445.] As we have already seen, Islam enjoins progress and comprises all the necessities of civilization: “I declare with all my strength that there is nothing which is in reality good in civilization that is itself, or what is better than it, not guaranteed either explicitly or implicitly by Islam...”[3. Bediüzzaman Kürdi’nin Fihriste-i Makasidi, Volkan Nos. 83-84, in Asar-i Bedi’iye, 373.] And in another work he wrote: “The things known as the virtues of civilization are each a transformed matter of the Shari’a.”[4. Muhâkemat, 39.] Further to this, Bediuzzaman pointed out that Islam had played a fundamental and significant role in the development of modern civilization:
“I cannot deny this: there are numerous virtues in [modern] civilization, but they are neither the property of Christianity, nor the creation of Europe, nor the work of this century. Rather, they are the property of all. They arise from the combined thought of mankind, the laws of the revealed religions, innate need, and in particular from the Islamic revolution brought about by the Shari’a of Muhammad (PBUH).”[5. Sözler, 666-7.] And in another work he put it in even stronger terms: “The good things and great industrial progress to be seen in Western civilization are entirely reflected and derived from Islamic civilization, the guidance of the Qur'an, and the [other] revealed religions....”[6. Hubab, in Mesnevi-i Nuriye, 81.]
However, in the West, the evils of civilization had come to preponderate over its beneficial aspects. Bediuzzaman gave two reasons for this. The first was the permissive attitude of Western civilization towards “dissipation” and “the appetites of the flesh”, which arose from “not making religion and virtue the principles of civilization.” While the second was “the appalling inequality in the means of livelihood”, which also ultimately resulted from lack of religion. These would eventually lead to its destruction.[7. Muhâkemat, 37-38.]
Thus, Bediuzzaman predicted that because Western civilization had become distant from true Christianity and was based not on the principles of revealed religion, but on those of Greek and, primarily, Roman philosophy, it would eventually “be dispersed” and “change its form”, and make way for the emergence of Islamic civilization. His comparisons, then, are between the “positive” principles and results of revelation, and the “negative” principles and results of philosophy, or between divine guidance (hüda) and genius, meaning ‘reason’ (deha), as he sometimes calls them. Western civilization he describes as follows:
“It takes as its point of support force, which manifests itself in aggression. Its aim and purpose is benefit and self-interest, after which everyone jostles and pushes without restraint. Its principle in life is conflict, which manifests itself in contention and discord. The tie between different groups is racialism and negative nationalism, which thrives on devouring others and which manifests itself in ghastly clashes. Its alluring service is encouraging lust and passion, satisfying desires, and facilitating the attainment of whims. And as for lust and passion, they make man descend from the level of the angels to that of a dog. They cause him to become a beast. If most of these civilized people were turned inside out, the skin of a wolf, bear, snake, pig, or ape would appear. Or so it seems to the imagination.”
The principles on which Islamic civilization is based, on the other hand, are the reverse of these:
“Its point of support is truth instead of force, which is manifest as justice and equity. Its aims are virtue and God’s pleasure in place of benefit and self-interest, which are manifest as love and friendly competition. Its means of unity are the bonds of religion, country, and class instead of racialism and nationalism, which are manifest as sincere brotherhood and reconciliation, and co-operation in only defending against outside aggression. The principle in life is that of mutual assistance and co-operation instead of conflict, which is manifest as unity and mutual support. In place of lust is guidance, which is manifest as progress for humanity and being perfected spiritually. It restricts the passions, and instead of facilitating the base desires of the carnal soul, it gratifies the high sentiments of the spirit.”[8. Sünûhat, 44; Sözler, 664, 119, 379; Mektûbat, 445-6.]
Of the various aspects of civilization of which there are more detailed comparisons in Bediuzzaman’s works, we shall briefly mention two. The first of these is literature.
In a piece on the subject in Lemeat, a collection of writings in free verse on various subjects which was published in Istanbul, probably in 1921, Bediuzzaman makes a comparison between the Qur'an as literature and European literature. This literature is represented by the novel, for which there had been a strong vogue among ‘Europeanized’ Ottomans since the time of Abdulhamid. Bediuzzaman states that there are three areas of literature. These are concerned with love and beauty, heroism and valour, and thirdly, the depiction of reality. As regards European literature, he says that in the first sort it does not know the meaning of true love, and merely excites the carnal appetites – though it purports to be high-minded and condemn such things as unfitting for man, while in the second, it does not favour right and justice, but exalts the concept of force.
In the depiction of reality, Bediuzzaman describes the Western view in greater detail. He points out that since European literature regards the universe not as Divine art, but from the point of view of nature, it prompts materialism and the worship of nature. And the novel, whether in book form, or as theatre or cinema, is the only remedy it has been able to find for the distress of the spirit arising from this misguidance. He goes on to say that both produce feelings of sadness, but while the sadness produced by the Qur'an is of a lofty and elevated nature, that caused by European literature offers no hope. This again springs from the view of existence it expresses. The world is a wild and ownerless place; what inspires the sorrow is “deaf nature” and “blind force”. It is the pathetic woe of an orphan, of the lack of friends, rather than their absence. And while both give pleasure and stir the emotions, where the Qur'an stirs the spirit and moves the higher emotions, European literature stimulates man’s animal appetites and affords pleasure to his lower nature only.[9. Sözler, 686-8; see also, Sözler, 382.]
The second aspect to be considered here is of a socio-economic nature. It concerns the injustice inherent in Western civilization and the remedy for its grievous consequences provided by Islam.
Bediuzzaman summarizes the root cause of the great social upheavals man has suffered, particularly this century, in two phrases. One is: “So long as I’m full, what is it to me if others die of hunger.” And the other: “You struggle and labour so that I can live in ease and comfort.” And he demonstrates that if they are to be eradicated, it will be through applying the Qur'anic injunction of almsgiving (vüjub-u zekat) and prohibition on usury and interest (hurmet-i riba). His argument is as follows:
Through urging the wealthy classes to act in a cruel, oppressive, and arrogant manner towards the poor, the first phrase has been the cause of such sedition and strife that it has come close to overturning humanity. And the second phrase, through driving the poor to harbour hatred and envy towards the rich, has for several centuries destroyed public order and security, and this century, due to the struggle between capital and labour, has given rise to disaster and disorder on a vast scale. The role of zekat and the prohibition on interest in rectifying this situation is this:
The most important factor in maintaining the order of society as a whole is not allowing an unbridgeable gulf to develop between the various classes. The upper classes and the rich should not become so far removed from the lower classes and the poor that the lines of communication are broken, as happened in European civilization. “Despite all its societies for good works, all its establishments for the teaching of ethics, all its severe discipline and regulations”, it could neither reconcile those two classes, nor heal the two wounds in human life caused by the two phrases above. However, through making the payment of zekat obligatory and prohibiting interest, Islam establishes relations between rich and poor, and forges links of respect and sympathy between them. By not allowing the classes to draw far apart, it maintains the order and balance of society. It “uproots” the two phrases and heals the wounds they have caused in mankind.[10. Ishârâtü’l-I'caz, 47-49; Sözler, 380.]
How is it then that while Islam comprises true civilization, it was materially defeated by Western civilization? In his dream, Bediuzzaman was questioned concerning this. He was asked by one of the deputies in the Assembly: “With which of your actions did you issue a fatwa to Divine Determining so that it ordered this disaster for you?” Bediuzzaman replied that it was their neglect of three of the ‘pillars of Islam’ – the prescribed prayers, fasting in Ramadan, and payment of zekat – that had brought it upon them.[11. Sünûhat, 47-48; Sözler, 667. ] And he afterwards added a note to this, including neglect of the Hajj.
The Absolute Sovereignty of the Qur'an
Many reasons have been touched on in describing Bediuzzaman’s thought and works up to here for the decline of the Islamic world and the Ottomans in particular. Broadly speaking they can be classed under two main headings. One is despotism and the other is religion, or rather the failure to adhere to its principles in various areas. The two are interconnected. Despotism, together with its numerous, far-reaching, and negative consequences, and the solutions for them in the form of Constitutionalism and Freedom within the sphere of the Shari’a worked for with such dedication by Bediuzzaman, we have discussed in some detail. With regard to religion, many areas of decline may be included under this heading, and these too, together with their solutions, have been described in various places. For example, the decline in the field of learning and medrese education, and the solutions put forward by Bediuzzaman for this which would also heal the deep rifts that had developed between the ‘ulama, the Sufi community, and those with a secular, Western educational background. The negligent attitude towards the ‘pillars of Islam’ mentioned in the dream above. And the various “sicknesses” in the social life of Muslims, and in the field of morality, and the “remedies” offered by Bediuzzaman in his sermon in Damascus. However, rather than attempting a comprehensive analysis of all the reasons Bediuzzaman put forward for the decline and relative backwardness of the Islamic world, we shall just make the following points.
In Muhâkemat, a work written to establish the principles of Qur'anic exegesis (tafsir) and published in 1911, Bediuzzaman attributes the decline to the fact that the heart or true meaning of the teachings of Islam had been abandoned for its externals. He wrote:
“...Abandoning the essence and kernel of Islam, we fixed our gazes on its exterior and shell. And through misapprehension and ill-manners, we did not afford Islam its right nor pay it the respect it was due. So in disgust, it swathed itself in clouds of illusion and delusion, and concealed itself. And it had the right, for we mixed Isra’iliyat[12. Isra’iliyat: teachings and stories which with time had been corrupted and become superstitions and were introduced into Islam by scholars of ‘the People of the Book’ on their becoming Muslim in the early period of Islam.] with the fundamentals of belief, and stories with the tenets of faith, and metaphors with the truths of belief, and did not appreciate its value. So to punish us in this world, it left us in abasement and penury. And what will save us, is again its mercy.”[13. Muhâkemat, 7.]
Later in the same work, Bediuzzaman expands on this, explaining how some Isra’iliyat, and a portion of Greek philosophy, had been incorporated into Islam, and “appearing in the apparel of religion”, had thrown minds into disarray. Explaining how this happened, he concludes that when commenting on the Qur'an, some ‘externalist’ ‘ulama had expounded certain of its verses (nakliyat) by making them fit the Isra’iliyat. “Whereas”, he wrote. “What will explain and expound the Qur'an is again the Qur'an, and sound Hadiths. Not the Gospels and the Torah, whose ordinances have been superseded, just as their stories are corrupted.”
As for Greek philosophy, it had sprung from fables and superstition, and just as it had caused confusion, so also had it opened up a way to mere imitation (taqlid) in place of investigative and dynamic scholarship. Supposing there to be points of similarity and agreement between philosophy and matters of the Qur'an which demand the use of reason (akliyat), externalist scholars explained these verses in terms of the philosophy and adapted them to it. Bediuzzaman then said:
“God forbid! ...For the criterion of the Book of Miraculous Exposition is its miraculousness. Its expounder and commentator is its parts. Its meaning is within it. Its shell, too, is of pearl, not clods....”[14. Sünûhat, 16-18.]
And so to return to Sünûhat, published in 1919-20, and a piece concerned with the Qur'an and the decline of Islam. Entitled, The Absolute Sovereignty of the Qur'an, it describes what Bediuzzaman considered to be “the most important cause of the Islamic community displaying carelessness and negligence in the precepts of religion.”
The gist of Bediuzzaman’s argument is that while it is the sacredness (qudsiyet) of the Qur'an, rather than reasoning, that drives the mass of ordinary believers to conform to the precepts of religion, the way Qur'anic commentaries and books on the Shari’a have developed in the course of time is such that they have come to act as a veil to the Qur'an's sacredness.
Firstly in his argument, Bediuzzaman states that although the fundamentals of belief and pillars of Islam, which are the ‘personal’ property of the Qur'an and the Sunna of the Prophet (PBUH), which expounds the Qur'an, form ninety per cent of the religion, and controversial matters which are open to interpretation (ijtihadî) form only ten per cent, in the course of time the former have been “placed under the patronage” of the latter, have been combined with them, and become subordinate to them.
Then, while “the books of those qualified to interpret the law (mujtahidin) should be like means and display the Qur'an as though they were glass; they should neither act on its behalf nor obscure it”, it is on these books that the attention of the mass of believers became focussed. They have only thought of the Qur'an in a hazy sort of way. They have read these books in order to understand not what the Qur'an says, but what the authors say. As a result of this the ordinary believer’s conscience “has become accustomed to being indifferent, and has become lifeless and unresponsive.” However, Bediuzzaman continues:
“If the Qur'an had been shown directly in the fundamentals of religion, the mind would have naturally perceived its sacredness, which urges conformity [to the precepts of religion], is the rouser of the conscience, and is [the Qur'an’s] inherent property. In this way the heart would have become sensitive towards it, and would not have remained deaf to the admonitions of belief.”
Bediuzzaman then states that there are three ways to direct the attention of the mass of believers towards the Qur'an – “the exemplification of the Pre-Eternal Address, which shimmers with the attraction of miraculousness, has a halo of sacredness, and constantly stirs the conscience through belief.” The first he describes as dangerous, the second as needing time, while the third is to remove the veils obscuring the Qur'an and display it directly to the ordinary believers; to seek its “pure, unmixed property” from itself alone, and only its secondary (bilvasita) decrees from the means.
That is to say, the fundamentals and essentials, which as we saw form ninety per cent, should be sought from the Qur'an itself and from the Sunna, while matters of secondary importance, which are open to interpretation and form ten per cent, sought from the works of those qualified to interpret them, that is, the mujtahids. If that had been the case, the demand shown for these truly numerous commentaries and books on the Shari’a and divided up between them would have been directed towards the Qur'an itself, indeed, the demand would have been greater because of need. And in that way the Qur'an would have been dominant and influential in its full meaning over the Muslim community.
Bediuzzaman had a significant dream shortly after writing this piece, and included it at the end of it. We also include it:
“One night shortly after writing this matter, I dreamt of the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him). I was in a medrese in his blessed presence. The Prophet was going to instruct me in the Qur'an. On their bringing the Qur'an, the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) rose to his feet out of respect. It occurred to me at that moment that he rose in order to guide his community.
“Finally I related this dream to a righteous member of his community, and he interpreted it in this way: ‘It is a powerful sign and certain good news that the Qur'an of Mighty Stature will acquire the exalted position of which it is worthy throughout the world.’”[15. Sünûhat, 31-35.]
Birth of the New Said
Some two years after his return to Istanbul from the prisoner-of-war camp in Russia, Bediuzzaman underwent a radical interior change, “a strange revolution of the spirit”, and out of this inner turmoil, the New Said was born. Indeed, it is clear from Abdurrahman’s biography and from his own requests for leave of absence from the Darü’l-Hikmet that from his return Bediuzzaman suffered certain difficulties. The strains of war and harsh conditions of his captivity had taken their toll on his health, while the Ottoman defeat and foreign occupation were sources of great distress. However, as we saw at the end of the piece describing his “awakening” in the little mosque beside the River Volga, Bediuzzaman considered the first two years of his return, despite all his activities, to be a period of heedlessness, during which his fame and the acclaim he received made him temporarily forget his decision to withdraw from social life and concentrate on the inner life. Bediuzzaman described the major turning-point that then occurred in some detail in various places in his works, and we shall chart its course from these.
It seems that a few flashes of realization restarted the process of “spiritual awakening”. These occurred on high vantage points overlooking the city of Istanbul and took the form of realizing the stark realities of death and separation, old age and the transitoriness of things. Bediuzzaman says that then, before anything, he tried to find consolation and a ray of light in his learning and the things he had studied for so many years. But rather than providing this, he found that they had “dirtied his spirit”, and been an obstacle to his spiritual progress.[16. Lem’alar, 226-228.]
Until this time, Bediuzzaman had “filled his brain with the philosophical as well as the Islamic sciences”, for he thought that “the philosophical sciences were the means to spiritual progress and enlightenment.” In addition, he was of the opinion that European science and philosophy could be used to “reinforce” and “strengthen” Islam. He described it like this:
“The Old Said together with a group of thinkers accepted in part the principles of human philosophy [as opposed to revealed knowledge] and European science, and fought them with their own weapons; they admitted them to a degree. They accepted unshakeably some of their principles in the form of the positive sciences, and thus could not demonstrate the true value of Islam. Simply, they supposed philosophy’s roots to be extremely deep, and grafted Islam with its branches, as though they were strengthening it. But since the victories were few, and it depreciated Islam, I gave up that way. And I demonstrated [in the Risale-i Nur] that Islam’s principles are so profound that those of philosophy cannot reach them; indeed, they remain superficial beside them.”[17. Mektûbat, 413.]
And, now, when overwhelmed by the realization of his own increasing years and the fleeting nature of everything to which he was attached, Bediuzzaman’s learning afforded him no light, no hope. “The spiritual darkness arising from the sciences of philosophy plunged my spirit into the universe, suffocating it. Whichever way I looked seeking light, I could find no light in those matters, I could not breathe...”[18. Lem’alar, 229.]
Bediuzzaman’s spiritual crisis prompted him to withdraw from the society of men and seek solitude in places removed from Istanbul life. He retreated to Yusha Tepesi,[19. A point of interest which should be mentioned here was recorded by Bediuzzaman’s student of later years, Ibrahim Fakazli, from one of Bediuzzaman’s Van students, Seyyid Shefik, who joined Bediuzzaman in Istanbul on his return from captivity in Russia. Seyyid Shefik Efendi, who was subsequently Imam of Sultan Ahmad Mosque in Istanbul, related to Ibrahim Fakazli how Said Halim Pasha, in the period following his resignation from the office of Sadriazam (Prime Minister) in 1917, and “before going abroad”, had decided to make over to Bediuzzaman an estate on the Bosphorus containing woods and number of fine buildings for the purpose of founding an Islamic university, since he had no heir. However at this point Bediuzzaman had disappeared off the scene for a month. When it was learnt he was on Yusha Tepesi, word was sent to him that he had only to present himself at the Land-Registry Office for the transaction to be completed. Bediuzzaman requested twenty-four hours’ grace to seek guidance, whereupon the two ‘Levhas’, or tables in verse, beginning “Don’t call me to the world!”, occurred to him, and he turned down the offer. That is to say, Bediuzzaman had already taken the decision “to abandon the world”, and on the strength of the two pieces, which he later included in the Risale-i Nur in the Seventeenth Word, did not go back on his decision (See, Sözler, 203-4). This event, which shows the esteem in which Bediuzzaman was held by the highest members of the Ottoman establishment, makes it probable that the process of his transformation into the New Said began at an early date and continued for some period of time. For, as a member of the CUP Government which had taken Turkey into the First World War, Said Halim Pasha was arrested in early March 1919, and together with 66 others, sent into exile in Malta on a British ship on 28 May 1919 (See, Inal, Ibnü’l-Emin, Son Sadriazamlar, iv, 1909-12). And the extant documents show Bediuzzaman as resident in Sariyer in September, 1921.] a high hill on the Asian side of the Bosphorus near its junction with the Black Sea. Here, he tells us, he would not permit Abdurrahman even to attend to his essential needs.[20. Sualar, 446.] Following this he took a house in Sariyer, on the European side, and it was here in this old wooden house which is still standing that Bediuzzaman’s crisis was resolved and he found what he was searching for.
It was Gawth-i A’zam, ‘Abd al-Qadir Geylani, who came first to Bediuzzaman’s aid. A copy of his Fütûhu’l-Gayb came into Bediuzzaman’s possession “by a happy coincidence”, and on opening the pages at random to take an omen from it, these lines came up:
Anta fi dari’l-hikmati fa’tlub tabiba yudawi qalbak[21. The original reads: “Ya ibada’llah anta fi dari’l-hikmati; labud min al-wasita, atlubu min ma’budikum tabiba; yutibbu amrad qalbikum…” It is in the 62nd. Meclis, p. 245, of Shaykh Geylani’s work, al-Fath al-Rabbânî, which in a printed edition of uncertain date was bound together with Fütûh al-Ghayb under that title.]
or, as Bediuzzaman interpreted them:
“Oh, you unfortunate! As a member of the Darü’l-Hikmeti’l-Islamiye, you are as though a doctor curing the spiritual sicknesses of the people of Islam, whereas it is you who is sicker than anyone. You first of all find a doctor for yourself, then try to cure others!” Bediuzzaman continued:
“So I said to the shaykh: ‘You be my doctor!’ And I took him as my doctor, and read the book as though it was addressing me. But it was most severe. It smashed my pride in the most fearsome manner. It carried out the most drastic surgery on my soul. I could not stand it. I read half of it as though it was addressing me, but did not have the strength and endurance to finish it. I put the book back on the shelf. Then a week later the pain of that curative operation subsided, and the pleasure came in its place. I again opened the book and read it right through; I benefited a lot from that book of my first master. I listened to his prayers and supplications, and profited abundantly.[22. Mektûbat, 330; Sikke-i Tasdik-i Gaybî, 116-7.]
The second work which was instrumental in transforming the Old Said into the New Said was the Mektûbat of Shaykh Ahmad Sirhindi, Imam-i Rabbani. Some time after his “cure” through the mediation of Gawth-i A’zam, Bediuzzaman opened Imam-i Rabbani’s Mektûbat to take an omen from this too. He wrote:
“It is strange, but in the whole of Mektûbat, the word Bediuzzaman appears only twice. And those two letters fell open for me at once. I saw that written at the head of them was: Letter to Mirza Bediuzzaman, and my father’s name was Mirza. Glory be to God! I exclaimed, these letters are addressing me. At that time the Old Said was also known as Bediuzzaman. Apart from Bediuzzaman Hamadani, I knew of no one else in the last three hundred years famous with the name. Whereas in the Imam’s time there was such a person and he wrote him these two letters. This person’s state must have been similar to mine, for I found these letters to be the cure for my ills. Only, the Imam persistently recommended in many of his letters what he wrote in these two, which was: ‘Make your Qibla one.’ That is, take one person as your master and follow him; do not concern yourself with anyone else.’”[23. Mektûbat, 330-331.]
Bediuzzaman wrote that this most important piece of advice seemed inappropriate for his state of mind, and he was bewildered as whom to follow. In the Introduction to the Mesnevi-i Nuriye, he explained this in greater detail:
“Since the Old Said proceeded more in the rational and philosophical sciences, he started to look for a way to the essence of reality like that of the Sufi’s (ahl-i tarikat) and the mystics (ahl-i haqiqat). But he was not content to proceed with the heart only like the Sufis, for his intellect and thought were to a degree wounded by philosophy; a cure was needed. Then, he wanted to follow some of the great mystics, who approached reality with both the heart and the mind. He looked, and each of them had different points of attraction. He was bewildered as to which of them to follow.”[24. Mesnevi-i Nuriye, 7.] None of the great figures, such as Imam Gazzali, Mawlana Jalaluddin Rumi, or Imam-i Rabbani, answered all of his needs.
While in this state, “it was imparted to the Old Said’s much wounded heart” that the one true master was the Holy Qur'an. It occurred to him “through Divine Mercy” that “the head of these various ways and the source of these streams and the sun of these planets is the All-Wise Qur'an; the true single Qibla is to be found in it. In which case, it is also the most elevated guide and most holy master. So I clasped it with both hands and clung on to it.”[25. Mektûbat, 331.]
Thus, we can say that Bediuzzaman’s enlightenment occurred in three stages. Firstly, he realized the deficiency of the “human philosophy” he had studied and how it had been an obstacle to his enlightenment and progress. And secondly, as Bediuzzaman himself confessed, through the “bitter medicine” of Shaykh ‘Abd al-Qadir Geylani’s Fütûhu’l-Gayb: “I understood my faults, perceived my wounds, and my pride was to a degree destroyed.”[26. Sikke-i Tasdik-i Gaybî, 117.] Then to complete the process of his transformation into the New Said, he understood through the Mektûbat of Imam-i Rabbani that he should take the Qur'an as his sole master. The instruction in Divine Unity he then received from the Qur'an through the phrase There is no god but God was “a most brilliant light” scattering the darkness in which he had been plunged and allowing him to breathe easily. Bediuzzaman describes how the Devil and his ‘evil-commanding soul’ would not brook this, and “relying on what they had learnt from philosophers and the people of misguidance, attacked his mind and his heart”, but that the ensuing debate resulted in “the heart’s victory.”[27. Lem’alar, 229.]
Bediuzzaman notes that he now proceeded “through an alliance of mind and heart”. That is, through the guidance of the Qur'an he found a way to the essence of reality through employing both the heart and the mind. And since it employed both heart and mind, he found that before anything it cured his wounded spirit and heart, and silencing Satan and his evil-commanding soul, rescued him from doubts and scepticism. This then was the way of the New Said. It was also to be the way of the Risale-i Nur. In fact, the first work the New Said wrote was a collection of eleven or so treatises in Arabic called the Mesnevi-i Nuriye, which he described as “a kind of seed of the Risale-i Nur”, and as “the seedbed” and the Risale-i Nur as “its garden.”[28. Mesnevi-i Nuriye, 7-8.]
As will be recalled, Bediuzzaman had undergone “a radical change in his ideas” at the turn of the century on learning of the explicit threats to the Qur'an and Islamic world made by the British Colonial Secretary, and had understood that he should dedicate his life to the defence of them with his learning. However events and his youth had served as “obstacles”, preventing him “taking up the duty.”[29. Sikke-i Tasdik-i Gaybî, 76.] From Bediuzzaman’s own accounts of his transformation into the New Said quoted above it is seen that his first realization was of the deficiency of “human philosophy” as opposed to revealed knowledge. And so, in addition to the other “obstacles” which had prevented him from “taking up his duty to defend the Qur'an and Islam” was his preoccupation with “philosophy”. Now some twenty years later at the age of forty-three or four, through what was clearly an overwhelming mental and spiritual upheaval, he had found what he had been searching for. Near the end of his life, he described this search in the presence of his close student, Mustafa Sungur:
“Sixty years ago, I was searching for a way to reach the truth and reality at the present time. That is, I was searching for a short way to obtain firm faith and belief and a complete understanding of Islam which would not be shaken by the attacks of the numerous negative and damaging currents. Firstly, I had recourse to the way of the philosophers; I wanted to reach the truth with just the reason. I reached it only twice with extreme difficulty. I looked and saw that even the greatest geniuses of mankind had gone only half the way, only one or two had been able to reach the truth by means of the reason alone. Then I said: ‘A way which even the greatest geniuses had been unable to take cannot be made general for everyone’, and I gave it up. For numerous philosophers, even Ibn-i Sina [Avicenna], Farabi, Aristotle and others had only got half way. I saw that only one or two had been able to rise to the truth. Then I understood that a path and way by which not even the great geniuses had been able to rise, could not be the way for everyone. Then I had recourse to the way of Sufism and studied it. I saw that it was most luminous and effulgent, but that it needed the greatest caution. Only the highest of the elite could take that way. And so, saying, neither can this way be a way for everyone at this time, I sought help from the Qur'an. And thanks be to God, the Risale-i Nur was bestowed on me, which at this time is a sound and short way of the Qur'an for the believers.”[30. Sungur, Mustafa, in Sahiner, N. Aydinlar Konusuyor, 399.]
In the December of 1919, Bediuzzaman had a “true dream” or sort of vision, which he subsequently recorded and included in Sünûhat.[1. Sünûhat, 41-47] He tells us there that he was at the time greatly distressed at the course of events and was “searching for a light in the dense darkness.” In his dream, Bediuzzaman was summoned by “a great assembly” made up of representatives of the leading figures of Islam from each century and called upon to give an account of the present state of Islam. Contrary to what might be expected, Bediuzzaman’s reply pointed out positive aspects of the defeat, including the strengthening of Islamic brotherhood and the Ottomans’ being saved from being carried away to a greater extent on “the tyrannical current” of capitalism. Then, in order to show why Islam rejects modern Western civilization, which was epitomised by the ugly and exploitative capitalism and aggressive imperialism of the time, he made a comparison of the principles on which Western civilization and Islamic civilization are based and their results. This extremely interesting and original exposition was greeted with approval by the Assembly in the dream, and one of the deputies declared:
“Yes, be hopeful! The loudest and strongest voice in the coming upheavals and changes will be that of Islam!”
The same comparison of Western and Islamic civilizations appears in different contexts in a number of Bediuzzaman’s works of the period. And from these and from other references to the same subject, we see in greater detail his views on the subject, and also the reasons for the optimism and hope for the future engendered by the dream.
It should be noted firstly that Bediuzzaman frequently pointed out that just as modern civilization was not the product or property of Christianity, neither was decline and retrogression in keeping with Islam: “To consider civilization to be the property of Christianity, which it is not, and to show decline, which is the enemy of Islam, to be its friend, is to suggest that the firmament is revolving in the opposite direction.”[2. Sünûhat, 60-61; Mektûbat, 445.] As we have already seen, Islam enjoins progress and comprises all the necessities of civilization: “I declare with all my strength that there is nothing which is in reality good in civilization that is itself, or what is better than it, not guaranteed either explicitly or implicitly by Islam...”[3. Bediüzzaman Kürdi’nin Fihriste-i Makasidi, Volkan Nos. 83-84, in Asar-i Bedi’iye, 373.] And in another work he wrote: “The things known as the virtues of civilization are each a transformed matter of the Shari’a.”[4. Muhâkemat, 39.] Further to this, Bediuzzaman pointed out that Islam had played a fundamental and significant role in the development of modern civilization:
“I cannot deny this: there are numerous virtues in [modern] civilization, but they are neither the property of Christianity, nor the creation of Europe, nor the work of this century. Rather, they are the property of all. They arise from the combined thought of mankind, the laws of the revealed religions, innate need, and in particular from the Islamic revolution brought about by the Shari’a of Muhammad (PBUH).”[5. Sözler, 666-7.] And in another work he put it in even stronger terms: “The good things and great industrial progress to be seen in Western civilization are entirely reflected and derived from Islamic civilization, the guidance of the Qur'an, and the [other] revealed religions....”[6. Hubab, in Mesnevi-i Nuriye, 81.]
However, in the West, the evils of civilization had come to preponderate over its beneficial aspects. Bediuzzaman gave two reasons for this. The first was the permissive attitude of Western civilization towards “dissipation” and “the appetites of the flesh”, which arose from “not making religion and virtue the principles of civilization.” While the second was “the appalling inequality in the means of livelihood”, which also ultimately resulted from lack of religion. These would eventually lead to its destruction.[7. Muhâkemat, 37-38.]
Thus, Bediuzzaman predicted that because Western civilization had become distant from true Christianity and was based not on the principles of revealed religion, but on those of Greek and, primarily, Roman philosophy, it would eventually “be dispersed” and “change its form”, and make way for the emergence of Islamic civilization. His comparisons, then, are between the “positive” principles and results of revelation, and the “negative” principles and results of philosophy, or between divine guidance (hüda) and genius, meaning ‘reason’ (deha), as he sometimes calls them. Western civilization he describes as follows:
“It takes as its point of support force, which manifests itself in aggression. Its aim and purpose is benefit and self-interest, after which everyone jostles and pushes without restraint. Its principle in life is conflict, which manifests itself in contention and discord. The tie between different groups is racialism and negative nationalism, which thrives on devouring others and which manifests itself in ghastly clashes. Its alluring service is encouraging lust and passion, satisfying desires, and facilitating the attainment of whims. And as for lust and passion, they make man descend from the level of the angels to that of a dog. They cause him to become a beast. If most of these civilized people were turned inside out, the skin of a wolf, bear, snake, pig, or ape would appear. Or so it seems to the imagination.”
The principles on which Islamic civilization is based, on the other hand, are the reverse of these:
“Its point of support is truth instead of force, which is manifest as justice and equity. Its aims are virtue and God’s pleasure in place of benefit and self-interest, which are manifest as love and friendly competition. Its means of unity are the bonds of religion, country, and class instead of racialism and nationalism, which are manifest as sincere brotherhood and reconciliation, and co-operation in only defending against outside aggression. The principle in life is that of mutual assistance and co-operation instead of conflict, which is manifest as unity and mutual support. In place of lust is guidance, which is manifest as progress for humanity and being perfected spiritually. It restricts the passions, and instead of facilitating the base desires of the carnal soul, it gratifies the high sentiments of the spirit.”[8. Sünûhat, 44; Sözler, 664, 119, 379; Mektûbat, 445-6.]
Of the various aspects of civilization of which there are more detailed comparisons in Bediuzzaman’s works, we shall briefly mention two. The first of these is literature.
In a piece on the subject in Lemeat, a collection of writings in free verse on various subjects which was published in Istanbul, probably in 1921, Bediuzzaman makes a comparison between the Qur'an as literature and European literature. This literature is represented by the novel, for which there had been a strong vogue among ‘Europeanized’ Ottomans since the time of Abdulhamid. Bediuzzaman states that there are three areas of literature. These are concerned with love and beauty, heroism and valour, and thirdly, the depiction of reality. As regards European literature, he says that in the first sort it does not know the meaning of true love, and merely excites the carnal appetites – though it purports to be high-minded and condemn such things as unfitting for man, while in the second, it does not favour right and justice, but exalts the concept of force.
In the depiction of reality, Bediuzzaman describes the Western view in greater detail. He points out that since European literature regards the universe not as Divine art, but from the point of view of nature, it prompts materialism and the worship of nature. And the novel, whether in book form, or as theatre or cinema, is the only remedy it has been able to find for the distress of the spirit arising from this misguidance. He goes on to say that both produce feelings of sadness, but while the sadness produced by the Qur'an is of a lofty and elevated nature, that caused by European literature offers no hope. This again springs from the view of existence it expresses. The world is a wild and ownerless place; what inspires the sorrow is “deaf nature” and “blind force”. It is the pathetic woe of an orphan, of the lack of friends, rather than their absence. And while both give pleasure and stir the emotions, where the Qur'an stirs the spirit and moves the higher emotions, European literature stimulates man’s animal appetites and affords pleasure to his lower nature only.[9. Sözler, 686-8; see also, Sözler, 382.]
The second aspect to be considered here is of a socio-economic nature. It concerns the injustice inherent in Western civilization and the remedy for its grievous consequences provided by Islam.
Bediuzzaman summarizes the root cause of the great social upheavals man has suffered, particularly this century, in two phrases. One is: “So long as I’m full, what is it to me if others die of hunger.” And the other: “You struggle and labour so that I can live in ease and comfort.” And he demonstrates that if they are to be eradicated, it will be through applying the Qur'anic injunction of almsgiving (vüjub-u zekat) and prohibition on usury and interest (hurmet-i riba). His argument is as follows:
Through urging the wealthy classes to act in a cruel, oppressive, and arrogant manner towards the poor, the first phrase has been the cause of such sedition and strife that it has come close to overturning humanity. And the second phrase, through driving the poor to harbour hatred and envy towards the rich, has for several centuries destroyed public order and security, and this century, due to the struggle between capital and labour, has given rise to disaster and disorder on a vast scale. The role of zekat and the prohibition on interest in rectifying this situation is this:
The most important factor in maintaining the order of society as a whole is not allowing an unbridgeable gulf to develop between the various classes. The upper classes and the rich should not become so far removed from the lower classes and the poor that the lines of communication are broken, as happened in European civilization. “Despite all its societies for good works, all its establishments for the teaching of ethics, all its severe discipline and regulations”, it could neither reconcile those two classes, nor heal the two wounds in human life caused by the two phrases above. However, through making the payment of zekat obligatory and prohibiting interest, Islam establishes relations between rich and poor, and forges links of respect and sympathy between them. By not allowing the classes to draw far apart, it maintains the order and balance of society. It “uproots” the two phrases and heals the wounds they have caused in mankind.[10. Ishârâtü’l-I'caz, 47-49; Sözler, 380.]
How is it then that while Islam comprises true civilization, it was materially defeated by Western civilization? In his dream, Bediuzzaman was questioned concerning this. He was asked by one of the deputies in the Assembly: “With which of your actions did you issue a fatwa to Divine Determining so that it ordered this disaster for you?” Bediuzzaman replied that it was their neglect of three of the ‘pillars of Islam’ – the prescribed prayers, fasting in Ramadan, and payment of zekat – that had brought it upon them.[11. Sünûhat, 47-48; Sözler, 667. ] And he afterwards added a note to this, including neglect of the Hajj.
The Absolute Sovereignty of the Qur'an
Many reasons have been touched on in describing Bediuzzaman’s thought and works up to here for the decline of the Islamic world and the Ottomans in particular. Broadly speaking they can be classed under two main headings. One is despotism and the other is religion, or rather the failure to adhere to its principles in various areas. The two are interconnected. Despotism, together with its numerous, far-reaching, and negative consequences, and the solutions for them in the form of Constitutionalism and Freedom within the sphere of the Shari’a worked for with such dedication by Bediuzzaman, we have discussed in some detail. With regard to religion, many areas of decline may be included under this heading, and these too, together with their solutions, have been described in various places. For example, the decline in the field of learning and medrese education, and the solutions put forward by Bediuzzaman for this which would also heal the deep rifts that had developed between the ‘ulama, the Sufi community, and those with a secular, Western educational background. The negligent attitude towards the ‘pillars of Islam’ mentioned in the dream above. And the various “sicknesses” in the social life of Muslims, and in the field of morality, and the “remedies” offered by Bediuzzaman in his sermon in Damascus. However, rather than attempting a comprehensive analysis of all the reasons Bediuzzaman put forward for the decline and relative backwardness of the Islamic world, we shall just make the following points.
In Muhâkemat, a work written to establish the principles of Qur'anic exegesis (tafsir) and published in 1911, Bediuzzaman attributes the decline to the fact that the heart or true meaning of the teachings of Islam had been abandoned for its externals. He wrote:
“...Abandoning the essence and kernel of Islam, we fixed our gazes on its exterior and shell. And through misapprehension and ill-manners, we did not afford Islam its right nor pay it the respect it was due. So in disgust, it swathed itself in clouds of illusion and delusion, and concealed itself. And it had the right, for we mixed Isra’iliyat[12. Isra’iliyat: teachings and stories which with time had been corrupted and become superstitions and were introduced into Islam by scholars of ‘the People of the Book’ on their becoming Muslim in the early period of Islam.] with the fundamentals of belief, and stories with the tenets of faith, and metaphors with the truths of belief, and did not appreciate its value. So to punish us in this world, it left us in abasement and penury. And what will save us, is again its mercy.”[13. Muhâkemat, 7.]
Later in the same work, Bediuzzaman expands on this, explaining how some Isra’iliyat, and a portion of Greek philosophy, had been incorporated into Islam, and “appearing in the apparel of religion”, had thrown minds into disarray. Explaining how this happened, he concludes that when commenting on the Qur'an, some ‘externalist’ ‘ulama had expounded certain of its verses (nakliyat) by making them fit the Isra’iliyat. “Whereas”, he wrote. “What will explain and expound the Qur'an is again the Qur'an, and sound Hadiths. Not the Gospels and the Torah, whose ordinances have been superseded, just as their stories are corrupted.”
As for Greek philosophy, it had sprung from fables and superstition, and just as it had caused confusion, so also had it opened up a way to mere imitation (taqlid) in place of investigative and dynamic scholarship. Supposing there to be points of similarity and agreement between philosophy and matters of the Qur'an which demand the use of reason (akliyat), externalist scholars explained these verses in terms of the philosophy and adapted them to it. Bediuzzaman then said:
“God forbid! ...For the criterion of the Book of Miraculous Exposition is its miraculousness. Its expounder and commentator is its parts. Its meaning is within it. Its shell, too, is of pearl, not clods....”[14. Sünûhat, 16-18.]
And so to return to Sünûhat, published in 1919-20, and a piece concerned with the Qur'an and the decline of Islam. Entitled, The Absolute Sovereignty of the Qur'an, it describes what Bediuzzaman considered to be “the most important cause of the Islamic community displaying carelessness and negligence in the precepts of religion.”
The gist of Bediuzzaman’s argument is that while it is the sacredness (qudsiyet) of the Qur'an, rather than reasoning, that drives the mass of ordinary believers to conform to the precepts of religion, the way Qur'anic commentaries and books on the Shari’a have developed in the course of time is such that they have come to act as a veil to the Qur'an's sacredness.
Firstly in his argument, Bediuzzaman states that although the fundamentals of belief and pillars of Islam, which are the ‘personal’ property of the Qur'an and the Sunna of the Prophet (PBUH), which expounds the Qur'an, form ninety per cent of the religion, and controversial matters which are open to interpretation (ijtihadî) form only ten per cent, in the course of time the former have been “placed under the patronage” of the latter, have been combined with them, and become subordinate to them.
Then, while “the books of those qualified to interpret the law (mujtahidin) should be like means and display the Qur'an as though they were glass; they should neither act on its behalf nor obscure it”, it is on these books that the attention of the mass of believers became focussed. They have only thought of the Qur'an in a hazy sort of way. They have read these books in order to understand not what the Qur'an says, but what the authors say. As a result of this the ordinary believer’s conscience “has become accustomed to being indifferent, and has become lifeless and unresponsive.” However, Bediuzzaman continues:
“If the Qur'an had been shown directly in the fundamentals of religion, the mind would have naturally perceived its sacredness, which urges conformity [to the precepts of religion], is the rouser of the conscience, and is [the Qur'an’s] inherent property. In this way the heart would have become sensitive towards it, and would not have remained deaf to the admonitions of belief.”
Bediuzzaman then states that there are three ways to direct the attention of the mass of believers towards the Qur'an – “the exemplification of the Pre-Eternal Address, which shimmers with the attraction of miraculousness, has a halo of sacredness, and constantly stirs the conscience through belief.” The first he describes as dangerous, the second as needing time, while the third is to remove the veils obscuring the Qur'an and display it directly to the ordinary believers; to seek its “pure, unmixed property” from itself alone, and only its secondary (bilvasita) decrees from the means.
That is to say, the fundamentals and essentials, which as we saw form ninety per cent, should be sought from the Qur'an itself and from the Sunna, while matters of secondary importance, which are open to interpretation and form ten per cent, sought from the works of those qualified to interpret them, that is, the mujtahids. If that had been the case, the demand shown for these truly numerous commentaries and books on the Shari’a and divided up between them would have been directed towards the Qur'an itself, indeed, the demand would have been greater because of need. And in that way the Qur'an would have been dominant and influential in its full meaning over the Muslim community.
Bediuzzaman had a significant dream shortly after writing this piece, and included it at the end of it. We also include it:
“One night shortly after writing this matter, I dreamt of the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him). I was in a medrese in his blessed presence. The Prophet was going to instruct me in the Qur'an. On their bringing the Qur'an, the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) rose to his feet out of respect. It occurred to me at that moment that he rose in order to guide his community.
“Finally I related this dream to a righteous member of his community, and he interpreted it in this way: ‘It is a powerful sign and certain good news that the Qur'an of Mighty Stature will acquire the exalted position of which it is worthy throughout the world.’”[15. Sünûhat, 31-35.]
Birth of the New Said
Some two years after his return to Istanbul from the prisoner-of-war camp in Russia, Bediuzzaman underwent a radical interior change, “a strange revolution of the spirit”, and out of this inner turmoil, the New Said was born. Indeed, it is clear from Abdurrahman’s biography and from his own requests for leave of absence from the Darü’l-Hikmet that from his return Bediuzzaman suffered certain difficulties. The strains of war and harsh conditions of his captivity had taken their toll on his health, while the Ottoman defeat and foreign occupation were sources of great distress. However, as we saw at the end of the piece describing his “awakening” in the little mosque beside the River Volga, Bediuzzaman considered the first two years of his return, despite all his activities, to be a period of heedlessness, during which his fame and the acclaim he received made him temporarily forget his decision to withdraw from social life and concentrate on the inner life. Bediuzzaman described the major turning-point that then occurred in some detail in various places in his works, and we shall chart its course from these.
It seems that a few flashes of realization restarted the process of “spiritual awakening”. These occurred on high vantage points overlooking the city of Istanbul and took the form of realizing the stark realities of death and separation, old age and the transitoriness of things. Bediuzzaman says that then, before anything, he tried to find consolation and a ray of light in his learning and the things he had studied for so many years. But rather than providing this, he found that they had “dirtied his spirit”, and been an obstacle to his spiritual progress.[16. Lem’alar, 226-228.]
Until this time, Bediuzzaman had “filled his brain with the philosophical as well as the Islamic sciences”, for he thought that “the philosophical sciences were the means to spiritual progress and enlightenment.” In addition, he was of the opinion that European science and philosophy could be used to “reinforce” and “strengthen” Islam. He described it like this:
“The Old Said together with a group of thinkers accepted in part the principles of human philosophy [as opposed to revealed knowledge] and European science, and fought them with their own weapons; they admitted them to a degree. They accepted unshakeably some of their principles in the form of the positive sciences, and thus could not demonstrate the true value of Islam. Simply, they supposed philosophy’s roots to be extremely deep, and grafted Islam with its branches, as though they were strengthening it. But since the victories were few, and it depreciated Islam, I gave up that way. And I demonstrated [in the Risale-i Nur] that Islam’s principles are so profound that those of philosophy cannot reach them; indeed, they remain superficial beside them.”[17. Mektûbat, 413.]
And, now, when overwhelmed by the realization of his own increasing years and the fleeting nature of everything to which he was attached, Bediuzzaman’s learning afforded him no light, no hope. “The spiritual darkness arising from the sciences of philosophy plunged my spirit into the universe, suffocating it. Whichever way I looked seeking light, I could find no light in those matters, I could not breathe...”[18. Lem’alar, 229.]
Bediuzzaman’s spiritual crisis prompted him to withdraw from the society of men and seek solitude in places removed from Istanbul life. He retreated to Yusha Tepesi,[19. A point of interest which should be mentioned here was recorded by Bediuzzaman’s student of later years, Ibrahim Fakazli, from one of Bediuzzaman’s Van students, Seyyid Shefik, who joined Bediuzzaman in Istanbul on his return from captivity in Russia. Seyyid Shefik Efendi, who was subsequently Imam of Sultan Ahmad Mosque in Istanbul, related to Ibrahim Fakazli how Said Halim Pasha, in the period following his resignation from the office of Sadriazam (Prime Minister) in 1917, and “before going abroad”, had decided to make over to Bediuzzaman an estate on the Bosphorus containing woods and number of fine buildings for the purpose of founding an Islamic university, since he had no heir. However at this point Bediuzzaman had disappeared off the scene for a month. When it was learnt he was on Yusha Tepesi, word was sent to him that he had only to present himself at the Land-Registry Office for the transaction to be completed. Bediuzzaman requested twenty-four hours’ grace to seek guidance, whereupon the two ‘Levhas’, or tables in verse, beginning “Don’t call me to the world!”, occurred to him, and he turned down the offer. That is to say, Bediuzzaman had already taken the decision “to abandon the world”, and on the strength of the two pieces, which he later included in the Risale-i Nur in the Seventeenth Word, did not go back on his decision (See, Sözler, 203-4). This event, which shows the esteem in which Bediuzzaman was held by the highest members of the Ottoman establishment, makes it probable that the process of his transformation into the New Said began at an early date and continued for some period of time. For, as a member of the CUP Government which had taken Turkey into the First World War, Said Halim Pasha was arrested in early March 1919, and together with 66 others, sent into exile in Malta on a British ship on 28 May 1919 (See, Inal, Ibnü’l-Emin, Son Sadriazamlar, iv, 1909-12). And the extant documents show Bediuzzaman as resident in Sariyer in September, 1921.] a high hill on the Asian side of the Bosphorus near its junction with the Black Sea. Here, he tells us, he would not permit Abdurrahman even to attend to his essential needs.[20. Sualar, 446.] Following this he took a house in Sariyer, on the European side, and it was here in this old wooden house which is still standing that Bediuzzaman’s crisis was resolved and he found what he was searching for.
It was Gawth-i A’zam, ‘Abd al-Qadir Geylani, who came first to Bediuzzaman’s aid. A copy of his Fütûhu’l-Gayb came into Bediuzzaman’s possession “by a happy coincidence”, and on opening the pages at random to take an omen from it, these lines came up:
Anta fi dari’l-hikmati fa’tlub tabiba yudawi qalbak[21. The original reads: “Ya ibada’llah anta fi dari’l-hikmati; labud min al-wasita, atlubu min ma’budikum tabiba; yutibbu amrad qalbikum…” It is in the 62nd. Meclis, p. 245, of Shaykh Geylani’s work, al-Fath al-Rabbânî, which in a printed edition of uncertain date was bound together with Fütûh al-Ghayb under that title.]
or, as Bediuzzaman interpreted them:
“Oh, you unfortunate! As a member of the Darü’l-Hikmeti’l-Islamiye, you are as though a doctor curing the spiritual sicknesses of the people of Islam, whereas it is you who is sicker than anyone. You first of all find a doctor for yourself, then try to cure others!” Bediuzzaman continued:
“So I said to the shaykh: ‘You be my doctor!’ And I took him as my doctor, and read the book as though it was addressing me. But it was most severe. It smashed my pride in the most fearsome manner. It carried out the most drastic surgery on my soul. I could not stand it. I read half of it as though it was addressing me, but did not have the strength and endurance to finish it. I put the book back on the shelf. Then a week later the pain of that curative operation subsided, and the pleasure came in its place. I again opened the book and read it right through; I benefited a lot from that book of my first master. I listened to his prayers and supplications, and profited abundantly.[22. Mektûbat, 330; Sikke-i Tasdik-i Gaybî, 116-7.]
The second work which was instrumental in transforming the Old Said into the New Said was the Mektûbat of Shaykh Ahmad Sirhindi, Imam-i Rabbani. Some time after his “cure” through the mediation of Gawth-i A’zam, Bediuzzaman opened Imam-i Rabbani’s Mektûbat to take an omen from this too. He wrote:
“It is strange, but in the whole of Mektûbat, the word Bediuzzaman appears only twice. And those two letters fell open for me at once. I saw that written at the head of them was: Letter to Mirza Bediuzzaman, and my father’s name was Mirza. Glory be to God! I exclaimed, these letters are addressing me. At that time the Old Said was also known as Bediuzzaman. Apart from Bediuzzaman Hamadani, I knew of no one else in the last three hundred years famous with the name. Whereas in the Imam’s time there was such a person and he wrote him these two letters. This person’s state must have been similar to mine, for I found these letters to be the cure for my ills. Only, the Imam persistently recommended in many of his letters what he wrote in these two, which was: ‘Make your Qibla one.’ That is, take one person as your master and follow him; do not concern yourself with anyone else.’”[23. Mektûbat, 330-331.]
Bediuzzaman wrote that this most important piece of advice seemed inappropriate for his state of mind, and he was bewildered as whom to follow. In the Introduction to the Mesnevi-i Nuriye, he explained this in greater detail:
“Since the Old Said proceeded more in the rational and philosophical sciences, he started to look for a way to the essence of reality like that of the Sufi’s (ahl-i tarikat) and the mystics (ahl-i haqiqat). But he was not content to proceed with the heart only like the Sufis, for his intellect and thought were to a degree wounded by philosophy; a cure was needed. Then, he wanted to follow some of the great mystics, who approached reality with both the heart and the mind. He looked, and each of them had different points of attraction. He was bewildered as to which of them to follow.”[24. Mesnevi-i Nuriye, 7.] None of the great figures, such as Imam Gazzali, Mawlana Jalaluddin Rumi, or Imam-i Rabbani, answered all of his needs.
While in this state, “it was imparted to the Old Said’s much wounded heart” that the one true master was the Holy Qur'an. It occurred to him “through Divine Mercy” that “the head of these various ways and the source of these streams and the sun of these planets is the All-Wise Qur'an; the true single Qibla is to be found in it. In which case, it is also the most elevated guide and most holy master. So I clasped it with both hands and clung on to it.”[25. Mektûbat, 331.]
Thus, we can say that Bediuzzaman’s enlightenment occurred in three stages. Firstly, he realized the deficiency of the “human philosophy” he had studied and how it had been an obstacle to his enlightenment and progress. And secondly, as Bediuzzaman himself confessed, through the “bitter medicine” of Shaykh ‘Abd al-Qadir Geylani’s Fütûhu’l-Gayb: “I understood my faults, perceived my wounds, and my pride was to a degree destroyed.”[26. Sikke-i Tasdik-i Gaybî, 117.] Then to complete the process of his transformation into the New Said, he understood through the Mektûbat of Imam-i Rabbani that he should take the Qur'an as his sole master. The instruction in Divine Unity he then received from the Qur'an through the phrase There is no god but God was “a most brilliant light” scattering the darkness in which he had been plunged and allowing him to breathe easily. Bediuzzaman describes how the Devil and his ‘evil-commanding soul’ would not brook this, and “relying on what they had learnt from philosophers and the people of misguidance, attacked his mind and his heart”, but that the ensuing debate resulted in “the heart’s victory.”[27. Lem’alar, 229.]
Bediuzzaman notes that he now proceeded “through an alliance of mind and heart”. That is, through the guidance of the Qur'an he found a way to the essence of reality through employing both the heart and the mind. And since it employed both heart and mind, he found that before anything it cured his wounded spirit and heart, and silencing Satan and his evil-commanding soul, rescued him from doubts and scepticism. This then was the way of the New Said. It was also to be the way of the Risale-i Nur. In fact, the first work the New Said wrote was a collection of eleven or so treatises in Arabic called the Mesnevi-i Nuriye, which he described as “a kind of seed of the Risale-i Nur”, and as “the seedbed” and the Risale-i Nur as “its garden.”[28. Mesnevi-i Nuriye, 7-8.]
As will be recalled, Bediuzzaman had undergone “a radical change in his ideas” at the turn of the century on learning of the explicit threats to the Qur'an and Islamic world made by the British Colonial Secretary, and had understood that he should dedicate his life to the defence of them with his learning. However events and his youth had served as “obstacles”, preventing him “taking up the duty.”[29. Sikke-i Tasdik-i Gaybî, 76.] From Bediuzzaman’s own accounts of his transformation into the New Said quoted above it is seen that his first realization was of the deficiency of “human philosophy” as opposed to revealed knowledge. And so, in addition to the other “obstacles” which had prevented him from “taking up his duty to defend the Qur'an and Islam” was his preoccupation with “philosophy”. Now some twenty years later at the age of forty-three or four, through what was clearly an overwhelming mental and spiritual upheaval, he had found what he had been searching for. Near the end of his life, he described this search in the presence of his close student, Mustafa Sungur:
“Sixty years ago, I was searching for a way to reach the truth and reality at the present time. That is, I was searching for a short way to obtain firm faith and belief and a complete understanding of Islam which would not be shaken by the attacks of the numerous negative and damaging currents. Firstly, I had recourse to the way of the philosophers; I wanted to reach the truth with just the reason. I reached it only twice with extreme difficulty. I looked and saw that even the greatest geniuses of mankind had gone only half the way, only one or two had been able to reach the truth by means of the reason alone. Then I said: ‘A way which even the greatest geniuses had been unable to take cannot be made general for everyone’, and I gave it up. For numerous philosophers, even Ibn-i Sina [Avicenna], Farabi, Aristotle and others had only got half way. I saw that only one or two had been able to rise to the truth. Then I understood that a path and way by which not even the great geniuses had been able to rise, could not be the way for everyone. Then I had recourse to the way of Sufism and studied it. I saw that it was most luminous and effulgent, but that it needed the greatest caution. Only the highest of the elite could take that way. And so, saying, neither can this way be a way for everyone at this time, I sought help from the Qur'an. And thanks be to God, the Risale-i Nur was bestowed on me, which at this time is a sound and short way of the Qur'an for the believers.”[30. Sungur, Mustafa, in Sahiner, N. Aydinlar Konusuyor, 399.]
Bab Sembilan: supremasi Alquran dan Lahirnya Baru Said
"The strongest suara akan Islam"
Pada Desember 1919, Bediuzzaman memiliki "mimpi yang benar" atau semacam visi, dia yang kemudian direkam dan termasuk dalam Sünûhat. [1. Sünûhat, 41-47] Dia memberitahu kita bahwa ia ada pada saat itu sangat menderita pada pelaksanaan kegiatan dan telah "mencari cahaya dalam kegelapan lebat." Dalam mimpinya, Bediuzzaman was summoned oleh "yang besar berkumpul" dibuat terdiri dari wakil-wakil dari tokoh-tokoh terkemuka Islam dari masing-masing bernama dan pada abad ke account memberi masa kini negara Islam. Bertentangan dengan apa yang mungkin diharapkan, Bediuzzaman balasan yang keluar dari aspek-aspek positif dari kekalahan, termasuk memperkuat persaudaraan Islam dan Ottomans' yang disimpan tidak dibawa pergi ke mana yang lebih besar pada "yang kejam saat ini" dari kapitalisme. Kemudian, untuk menunjukkan mengapa Islam menolak peradaban modern Barat, yang epitomised oleh jelek dan eksploitasi kapitalisme dan imperialisme agresif sepanjang waktu, ia membuat perbandingan prinsip-prinsip yang pada peradaban Barat dan peradaban Islam didasarkan dan hasilnya. Hal ini sangat menarik dan asli eksposisi telah disambut dengan persetujuan oleh Majelis dalam mimpi, dan salah satu deputies dinyatakan:
"Ya, jangan berharap! Loudest yang kuat dan suara pada upheavals dan perubahan yang akan Islam! "
Perbandingan yang sama Barat dan peradaban Islam muncul dalam konteks yang berbeda di sejumlah Bediuzzaman dari karya periode. Dan dari hal ini dan referensi dari subjek yang sama, kita melihat secara lebih detail nya dilihat pada subjek, dan juga alasan untuk optimisme dan harapan untuk masa depan engendered oleh mimpi.
Perlu dicatat bahwa pertama Bediuzzaman sering menyatakan bahwa peradaban modern seperti itu tidak produk atau milik Kristen, baik itu menolak dan kemunduran dalam menjaga dengan Islam: "Untuk mempertimbangkan peradaban menjadi milik agama Kristen, yang mana tidak, dan untuk menunjukkan penurunan, yang merupakan musuh Islam, untuk menjadi teman-nya, adalah untuk menunjukkan bahwa cakrawala adalah bergulir di arah berlawanan. "[2. Sünûhat, 60-61; Mektûbat, 445.] Seperti yang kita sudah terlihat, Islam enjoins kemajuan dan terdiri dari semua kebutuhan peradaban: "Saya menyatakan dengan semua kekuatan yang tidak ada apa-apa yang baik di dalam kenyataan bahwa peradaban itu sendiri, atau yang lebih baik dari itu, tidak dijamin baik secara eksplisit atau mutlak oleh Islam ..."[ 3. Bediüzzaman Kürdi'nin Fihriste-i Makasidi, Volkan Nos 83-84, di Asar-i Bedi'iye, 373.] Dan lain dalam bekerja dia menulis: "Hal-hal yang dikenal sebagai virtues peradaban masing-masing adalah suatu hal yang diwujudkan syariah. "[4. Muhâkemat, 39.] Lebih ini, Bediuzzaman menyatakan bahwa Islam telah berperan penting dan peran penting dalam perkembangan peradaban modern:
"Saya tidak bisa menolak ini: ada sejumlah virtues dalam [modern] peradaban, tetapi mereka tidak milik agama Kristen, maupun penciptaan Eropa, maupun karya abad ini. Sebaliknya, mereka adalah milik semua. Mereka timbul dari gabungan pemikiran manusia, hukum-hukum yang diturunkan agama, harus asli, dan khususnya dari revolusi Islam yang dibawa oleh syariah Muhammad (PBUH). "[5. Sözler, 666-7.] Dan dia bekerja di lain menaruhnya bahkan lebih kuat dalam hal: "Yang baik dan kemajuan industri besar yang akan dilihat dalam peradaban Barat adalah sepenuhnya tercermin dan berasal dari peradaban Islam, petunjuk Alquran, dan [lainnya] diwahyukan agama ...."[ 6. Hubab, di Mesnevi-i Nuriye, 81.]
Namun, di Barat, yang evils peradaban telah datang ke atas melebihi aspek-aspek yang menguntungkan. Bediuzzaman memberikan dua alasan untuk hal ini. Yang pertama adalah sikap serba peradaban Barat terhadap "pemborosan" dan "appetites dari daging", yang timbul dari "tidak membuat agama dan kebaikan pada prinsip-prinsip peradaban." Sedangkan yang kedua adalah "yang menggemparkan ketidaksetaraan dalam alat mata pencaharian ", yang juga akhirnya akibat kurangnya agama. Hal ini akan mengakibatkan kerusakan-nya. [7. Muhâkemat, 37-38.]
Dengan demikian, Bediuzzaman prediksi bahwa karena peradaban Barat telah menjadi jauh dari kenyataan Kekristenan dan tidak didasarkan pada prinsip-prinsip agama diturunkan, namun pada orang-orang Yunani dan, terutama, filsafat Roma, ia akhirnya "berpencaran" dan "mengubah bentuk" , dan memberikan ruang bagi munculnya peradaban Islam. Perbandingan-Nya, kemudian, adalah antara "positif" Prinsip-prinsip dan hasil wahyu, dan "negatif" prinsip-prinsip dan hasil dari filsafat, atau antara petunjuk ilahi (hüda) dan genius, yang berarti 'alasan' (deha), karena dia kadang-kadang panggilan mereka. Peradaban barat dia menjelaskan sebagai berikut:
"It takes sebagai titik dukungan kekuatan, yang dalam agresi manifests sendiri. Maksud dan tujuan-nya adalah keuntungan dan kepentingan diri sendiri, setelah semua orang yang jostles dan tanpa kekangan pushes. Prinsip-nya dalam hidup adalah konflik, yang manifests diri dalam pertarungan dan perpecahan. Ikatan di antara berbagai kelompok adalah rasialisme dan nasionalisme negatif, yang berkembang di devouring lain dan yang manifests sendiri dalam menakuntukan clashes. Its alluring layanan mendorong nafsu dan gairah, memuaskan keinginan, dan memfasilitasi pencapaian dari whims. Dan sebagai bagi nafsu dan semangat, mereka membuat manusia turun dari tingkat para malaikat dengan anjing. Mereka menyebabkan dia menjadi binatang. Jika sebagian besar dari program tersebut sopan orang berpaling terbalik, kulit dari serigala, beruang, ular, babi, atau ape akan muncul. Atau jadi rasanya ke imajinasi. "
Prinsip-prinsip yang didasarkan peradaban Islam, di sisi lain, merupakan kebalikan ini:
"Dengan dukungan dari titik adalah kebenaran, bukan kekuatan yang nyata sebagai keadilan dan kesetaraan. Tujuannya adalah Allah dan kebaikan hati di tempat keuntungan dan kepentingan diri sendiri, yang nyata sebagai kasih dan ramah kompetisi. Yang berarti persatuan adalah obligasi dari agama, negara, dan kelas, bukan rasialisme dan nasionalisme yang nyata sebagai persaudaraan sejati dan rekonsiliasi, dan kerjasama dalam mempertahankan hanya melawan agresi di luar. Prinsip dalam hidup adalah gotong-royong dan kerjasama, bukan konflik yang nyata sebagai kesatuan dan saling mendukung. Di tempat nafsu adalah pedoman yang nyata bagi kemajuan sebagai manusia yang sempurna dan rohani. Ada yang membatasi gairah, dan bukan memfasilitasi dasar keinginan pemilik jasmani jiwa, ia gratifies tingginya sentimen roh. "[8. Sünûhat, 44; Sözler, 664, 119, 379; Mektûbat, 445-6.]
Dari berbagai aspek dari peradaban yang lebih rinci terdapat dalam perbandingan Bediuzzaman's bekerja, kami akan menyebutkan dua sebentar. Pertama ini adalah sastra.
Dalam sepotong pada subjek dalam Lemeat, kumpulan tulisan-tulisan bebas dalam ayat di berbagai mata pelajaran yang telah diterbitkan di Istanbul, mungkin dalam 1921, Bediuzzaman membuat perbandingan antara Al Qur'an sebagai sastra dan sastra Eropa. Sastra ini adalah diwakili oleh novel, yang telah ada adat istiadat yang kuat di antara 'Europeanized' Ottomans sejak waktu Abdulhamid. Bediuzzaman menyatakan bahwa ada tiga bidang sastra. Ini adalah berkaitan dengan cinta dan kecantikan, keperwiraan dan keberanian, dan ketiga, yang gambaran dari kenyataan. Regards Eropa sebagai sastra, ia mengatakan bahwa pada mengurutkan tidak tahu makna cinta, dan hanya excites yang jasmani appetites - walaupun purports menjadi tinggi hati dan mengutuk hal-hal sebagai unfitting untuk manusia, sedangkan di kedua , ia tidak benar nikmat dan keadilan, tetapi exalts konsep kekerasan.
Dalam gambaran kenyataan, Bediuzzaman menggambarkan Barat melihat secara lebih detail. Dia mengatakan bahwa sejak sastra Eropa regards alam semesta bukan sebagai Divine seni, tetapi dari sudut pandang alam, ia akan materialisme dan menyembah alam. Dan novel, baik dalam bentuk buku, atau sebagai teater atau bioskop, adalah satu-satunya obat yang telah mampu untuk menemukan keadaan roh timbul dari pimpinan salah ini. Dia pergi ke mengatakan bahwa keduanya menghasilkan perasaan kesedihan, namun saat kesedihan yang dihasilkan oleh Al Qur'an adalah dari sifat mulia dan ditinggikan, yang disebabkan oleh Eropa sastra tidak menawarkan harapan. Hal ini lagi-lagi mata air dari pandangan ini menyatakan keberadaan. Dunia adalah liar dan pemilik tempat; inspirasi apa yang kesedihan adalah "tuli alam" dan "memaksa buta". It is the pathetic duka dari anak yatim, kurangnya teman-teman, daripada mereka tidak ada. Sedangkan kedua dan memberikan kesenangan dan emosi yang mendebarkan, di mana Alquran stirs semangat dan bergerak semakin tinggi emosi, Eropa sastra merangsang manusia dan hewan appetites memberikan kesenangan kepada alam rendah saja. [9. Sözler, 686-8; lihat juga, Sözler, 382.]
Kedua aspek yang harus diperhatikan di sini adalah suatu sifat sosial-ekonomi. Ada kekhawatiran ketidakadilan yang melekat dalam peradaban Barat dan obat untuk menyedihkan konsekuensi yang diberikan oleh Islam.
Bediuzzaman merangkum akar penyebab yang besar sosial upheavals seorangpun yang menderita, khususnya abad ini, dalam dua frase. Salah satunya adalah: "Jadi selama I'm full, what is it to me jika lain mati kelaparan." Dan yang lain: "Anda perjuangan dan kerja sehingga saya dapat hidup dalam kemudahan dan kenyamanan." Lalu ia menunjukkan bahwa jika mereka akan eradicated, akan melalui penerapan Qur'anic perintah dari almsgiving (vüjub-u zekat) dan larangan tentang riba dan bunga (hurmet-i riba). Argumen nya adalah sebagai berikut:
Urging melalui kelas-kelas yang kaya untuk bertindak yang kejam, berat, dan sikap angkuh terhadap orang-orang miskin, yang pertama frase telah penyebab dari hasutan dan perselisihan yang telah datang dekat overturning kemanusiaan. Dan frase yang kedua, masyarakat miskin melalui berkendara ke pelabuhan kebencian dan kecemburuan terhadap orang kaya, telah selama beberapa abad hancur keamanan dan ketertiban masyarakat, dan abad ini, karena perjuangan antara modal dan tenaga kerja, telah diberikan menimbulkan kekacauan dan bencana di skala besar. Peran zekat dan larangan di dalam situasi ini adalah rectifying ini:
Faktor yang paling penting dalam menjaga ketertiban masyarakat secara keseluruhan tidak mengizinkan sebuah teluk untuk mengembangkan unbridgeable antara berbagai kelas. Kelas atas yang kaya dan tidak boleh menjadi begitu jauh dari kelas-kelas yang lebih rendah dan miskin bahwa saluran komunikasi yang rusak, seperti yang terjadi di Eropa peradaban. "Meskipun semua masyarakat untuk berbuat baik, semua segi untuk mengajar etik, semua parah disiplin dan peraturan", ia tidak dapat mendamaikan kedua kelas, dan tidak menyembuhkan dua luka dalam kehidupan manusia disebabkan oleh dua frase di atas. Namun, melalui membuat pembayaran zekat wajib dan melarang bunga, Islam mendirikan hubungan antara kaya dan miskin, dan link forges menghormati dan simpati di antara mereka. Dengan tidak memungkinkan untuk mengambil kelas berjauhan, ia menjaga ketertiban dan keseimbangan masyarakat. It "uproots" kedua frase dan menyembuhkan luka yang telah menyebabkan mereka dalam manusia. [10. Ishârâtü'l-I'caz, 47-49; Sözler, 380.]
Apa yang saat itu benar terdiri dari peradaban Islam, ia benar-benar dikalahkan oleh peradaban Barat? Dalam mimpinya, Bediuzzaman adalah menyangkut pertanggungjawaban ini. Dia diminta oleh salah satu deputies di Majelis: "Dengan tindakan yang Anda lakukan Anda mengeluarkan fatwa untuk Divine Menentukan memerintahkan agar bencana ini untuk Anda?" Bediuzzaman menjawab bahwa mereka telah lalai dari tiga 'pilar Islam '- yang diresepkan sembahyang, puasa di bulan Ramadan, dan pembayaran zekat - yang telah membawa kepada mereka itu. [11. Sünûhat, 47-48; Sözler, 667. ] Dan setelah itu ia menambahkan catatan ini, termasuk lalai dari haji.
The Absolute kerajaan Alquran
Banyak alasan yang telah menyentuh di menjelaskan Bediuzzaman dari pemikiran dan bekerja sampai di sini untuk penurunan dari dunia Islam dan Ottomans pada khususnya. Secara umum mereka dapat classed di bawah dua judul. Salah satunya adalah despotisme dan lainnya adalah agama, atau sebaliknya kegagalan untuk mematuhi prinsip-prinsip-nya dalam berbagai bidang. Keduanya saling berhubungan. Sewenang-wenang, bersama dengan banyak, sampai jauh, dan konsekuensi negatif, dan solusi bagi mereka dalam bentuk Constitutionalism dan Kebebasan dalam bidang syariah yang bekerja dengan dedikasi oleh Bediuzzaman, kami telah dibahas dalam beberapa detail. Berkaitan dengan agama, banyak daerah yang menolak mungkin dimasukkan di bawah judul ini, dan ini juga, bersama dengan solusi, telah dijelaskan di berbagai tempat. Misalnya, penurunan di bidang pembelajaran dan pendidikan medrese, dan solusi yang disampaikan oleh Bediuzzaman ini juga yang akan menyembuhkan deep rifts yang telah dikembangkan antara 'ulama, yang Sufi masyarakat, dan mereka dengan sekuler, pendidikan Barat latar belakang. Yang lalai terhadap sikap 'pilar Islam' yang disebutkan dalam mimpi di atas. Dan berbagai "sicknesses" dalam kehidupan sosial umat Islam, dan di bidang moral, dan "solusi" yang ditawarkan oleh Bediuzzaman dalam khotbah di Damaskus. Namun, daripada melakukan analisis yang komprehensif dari semua Bediuzzaman mengemukakan alasan untuk menolak dan relatif keterbelakangan dari dunia Islam, kami hanya akan membuat poin berikut.
Dalam Muhâkemat, kerja tertulis untuk membuat prinsip-prinsip Qur'anic penafsiran (tafsir) dan dipublikasikan pada 1911, penurunan atribut Bediuzzaman ke kenyataan bahwa jantung atau makna dari ajaran Islam telah ditinggalkan untuk externals. Dia menulis:
"... Meninggalkan inti dan kernel Islam, kami tetap kami gazes pada eksterior dan shell. Dan melalui salah dan kurang laku, kami tidak mampu Islam yang benar dan tidak membayar yang menghormati itu jatuh tempo. Jadi di kejijikan, ia swathed sendiri dalam awan dari ilusi dan khayalan, dan dirahasiakan itu sendiri. Dan yang berhak untuk kita dicampur Isra'iliyat [12. Isra'iliyat: ajaran dan cerita dengan waktu yang telah rusak dan menjadi superstitions dan telah diperkenalkan ke dalam Islam oleh ulama yang 'Ahli Kitab' mereka menjadi Muslim di masa awal Islam.] Dengan dasar kepercayaan, dan cerita dengan tenets iman, dan metafor dengan kebenaran kepercayaan, dan tidak menghargai nilai-nya. Jadi untuk menghukum kita di dunia ini, ia meninggalkan kami patuh dan kekurangan. Dan apa yang akan menyelamatkan kita, adalah rahmat-nya lagi. "[13. Muhâkemat, 7.]
Nanti dalam melakukan kerja yang sama, Bediuzzaman memperluas ini, menjelaskan bagaimana beberapa Isra'iliyat, dan filosofi dari Yunani, telah dimasukkan ke dalam Islam, dan "muncul dalam pakaian agama", telah dilemparkan ke dalam kekacauan pikiran. Menjelaskan bagaimana ini terjadi, ia menyimpulkan bahwa ketika komentar pada Alquran, beberapa 'externalist' 'ulama telah expounded tertentu dari ayat-ayat (nakliyat) dengan membuat mereka sesuai dengan Isra'iliyat. "Sedangkan", ia menulis. "Apa yang akan menjelaskan secara terperinci dan Alquran lagi adalah Alquran, hadis dan suara. Tidak Injil dan Taurat, yang ordinances telah superseded, mereka hanya sebagai cerita yang rusak. "
Adapun filsafat Yunani, ia telah rusak dari fables dan khurafat, dan hanya karena telah menyebabkan kebingungan, karena itu ia juga telah membuka jalan untuk sekedar peniruan (taqlid) di tempat investigasi dan dinamis beasiswa. Seandainya ada yang akan poin kesamaan dan kesepakatan antara filsafat dan hal-hal dari Al Qur'an yang menuntut penggunaan alasan (akliyat), externalist ulama menjelaskan ayat-ayat dari segi falsafah dan diadaptasi ke mereka. Bediuzzaman kemudian berkata:
"Tuhan melarang! ... Untuk kriteria dari Kitab Miraculous Exposition adalah miraculousness. Its expounder dan komentator adalah bagian. Maknanya yang ada di. Its shell juga adalah mutiara, tidak clods ...."[ 14. Sünûhat, 16-18.]
Dan sebagainya untuk kembali ke Sünûhat, diterbitkan di 1919-20, dan bagian yang bersangkutan dengan Al Qur'an dan menolak Islam. Berjudul, The Absolute kerajaan Alquran, ia menjelaskan apa Bediuzzaman dianggap "yang paling penting yang menyebabkan masyarakat Islam menampilkan kecerobohan dan kelalaian dalam precepts dari agama."
Yang esensi dari Bediuzzaman's argumen adalah bahwa walaupun ia adalah sacredness (qudsiyet) dari Al Qur'an, bukan alasan, bahwa drive massa dari orang-orang biasa untuk memenuhi ke precepts agama, cara Qur'anic komentar dan buku pada syariah telah dikembangkan dalam kursus adalah waktu seperti yang mereka telah datang untuk bertindak sebagai cadarnya untuk Alquran dari sacredness.
Pertama di argumen, Bediuzzaman menyatakan bahwa meskipun dasar kepercayaan Islam dan pilar, yaitu 'pribadi' milik dari Alquran dan sunnah Nabi (PBUH), yang expounds Alquran, berupa sembilan puluh per sen dari agama, dan hal-hal yang kontroversial yang terbuka untuk interpretasi (ijtihadî) formulir hanya sepuluh persen, pada waktu tertentu saja mantan telah "di bawah naungan" yang kedua, telah digabungkan dengan mereka, dan menjadi subordinat kepada mereka.
Kemudian, sementara "buku-buku dari orang-orang yang layak untuk menafsirkan hukum (mujtahidin) harus seperti sarana dan menampilkan Alquran seolah-olah mereka kaca, mereka tidak harus bertindak atas nama yang maupun mengaburkan itu", maka pada buku-buku yang perhatian massa dari orang-orang yang beriman menjadi difokuskan. Mereka hanya memiliki pemikiran dalam Alquran kabur jenis jalan. Mereka telah membaca buku-buku ini untuk memahami bagaimana Al Qur'an tidak mengatakan, tetapi apa yang penulis katakan. Sebagai hasil dari ini biasa mukmin dari hati nurani "untuk menjadi yang tak biasa, dan menjadi tak bernyawa dan tdk ada reaksi." Namun, Bediuzzaman terus:
"Jika Alquran telah ditunjukkan langsung pada dasar dari agama, pikiran akan secara alami dirasakan sacredness nya, yang mendesak kesesuaian [ke precepts agama], adalah rouser dari hati nurani, dan [Alquran 's] inheren properti. Dengan cara ini hati akan menjadi peka terhadap, dan tidak akan tetap tuli ke admonitions kepercayaan. "
Bediuzzaman kemudian menyatakan bahwa ada tiga cara untuk mengarahkan perhatian massa dari orang-orang yang beriman kepada Al Qur'an - "dengan contoh dari Pra-Eternal Alamat, yang shimmers dengan adanya daya tarik untuk miraculousness, memiliki halo dari sacredness, dan terus stirs dengan hati nurani melalui kepercayaan. "Yang pertama dia menjelaskan sebagai berbahaya, yang kedua karena memerlukan waktu, sedangkan yang ketiga adalah untuk menghapus tutupan obscuring Alquran dan ditampilkan secara langsung kepada orang-orang biasa, untuk mencari yang" murni, unmixed properti " dari dirinya sendiri, dan hanya dengan kedua (bilvasita) dari keputusan yang berarti.
That is to say, yang dasar dan utama, seperti yang kita lihat berupa sembilan puluh persen, harus dicari dari Al Qur'an itu sendiri dan dari sunnah, sedangkan yang kedua hal-hal penting, yang terbuka untuk interpretasi dan formulir sepuluh persen, dicari dari karya mereka layak untuk menafsirkan mereka, yaitu mujtahids. Jika yang telah terjadi, permintaan tersebut benar-benar ditampilkan untuk berbagai komentar dan buku-buku di atas syariah dan dibagi di antara mereka yang telah diarahkan kepada Alquran itu sendiri, memang, permintaan akan lebih besar karena sudah kebutuhan. Dan di jalan yang akan Alquran telah dominan dan berpengaruh dalam arti penuh atas masyarakat Muslim.
Bediuzzaman memiliki mimpi signifikan segera setelah menulis bagian ini, dan disertakan pada akhirnya. Kami juga sertakan:
"Suatu malam segera setelah menulis hal ini, saya bermimpi Nabi (peace and blessings be upon him). Saya berada dalam medrese dalam keberadaan diberkati. Nabi telah memerintahkan saya pergi ke dalam Alquran. Mereka membawa Alquran, Nabi (peace and blessings be upon him) naik ke kaki dari hormati. Itu terjadi kepada saya bahwa pada saat itu dia bangkit untuk membimbing masyarakat.
"Akhirnya saya mimpi ini berkaitan dengan benar anggota masyarakat, dan ia diinterpretasikan dalam cara ini:" Ini adalah tanda yang kuat dan beberapa kabar gembira bahwa Alquran dari Mighty tinggi yang akan mendapatkan posisi yang agung itu layak di seluruh dunia. "[15. Sünûhat, 31-35.]
Kelahiran Baru Said
Beberapa dua tahun setelah kembali ke Istanbul dari tawanan perang-of-kamp di Rusia, Bediuzzaman interior mengalami perubahan radikal, "yang aneh revolusi roh", dan inti dari kekacauan ini, Said yang baru dilahirkan. Hal itu jelas dari Abdurrahman dari biografi dan dari permintaan sendiri tanpa izin dari Darü'l-Hikmet yang kepulangannya dari Bediuzzaman menderita kesulitan tertentu. Jenis perang yang keras dan kondisi yang telah diambil mereka tertawan tol pada kesehatan, sementara kekalahan Usmani dan luar pekerjaan adalah sumber besar. Namun, seperti yang kita lihat pada akhir piece menjelaskan kepada "kesadaran" di masjid kecil di samping sungai Volga, Bediuzzaman dianggap dua tahun itu kembali, walaupun segala aktivitas, untuk jangka waktu heedlessness, yang saat itu ketenaran dan tepuk tangan sorak dia menerima untuk sementara membuat dia lupa kepada keputusan untuk menarik diri dari kehidupan sosial dan berkonsentrasi pada dakhil. Bediuzzaman menggambarkan besar berputar-titik yang kemudian terjadi pada beberapa detail di berbagai tempat di dalam karya-karyanya, dan kami akan grafik-nya dari kursus ini.
Nampaknya beberapa flashes realisasi ulang dari proses "kesadaran spiritual". Ini terjadi di tempat yg tinggi poin yang menghadap kota Istanbul dan mengambil bentuk perwujudan bulat realitas kematian dan pemisahan, tua dan kesementaraan dari hal. Bediuzzaman mengatakan bahwa saat itu, sebelum apa-apa, ia mencoba untuk mencari penghiburan dan sinar terang dalam belajar dan hal-hal yang dia telah belajar untuk jadi bertahun-tahun. Tapi daripada menyediakan ini, ia menemukan bahwa mereka telah "dirtied nya roh", dan telah merupakan kendala kepada kemajuan rohani. [16. Lem'alar, 226-228.]
Sampai saat ini, telah Bediuzzaman "nya otak diisi dengan falsafah serta ilmu Islam", sebab ia berpikir bahwa "falsafah ilmu merupakan sarana untuk kemajuan rohani dan pencerahan." Selain itu, dia dari pendapat bahwa ilmu pengetahuan Eropa filsafat dan dapat digunakan untuk "memperkuat" dan "memperkuat" Islam. Dia digambarkan seperti ini:
"The Old Said bersama sekelompok pemikir diterima sebagian prinsip-prinsip filosofi manusia [yang bertentangan untuk mengungkapkan pengetahuan] ilmu dan Eropa, dan memerangi mereka dengan senjata mereka sendiri, mereka mengakui mereka gelar. Mereka diterima unshakeably beberapa prinsip mereka dalam bentuk ilmu yang positif, sehingga tidak dapat membuktikan kebenaran nilai Islam. Cukup, mereka seharusnya filosofi dari akar yang akan sangat dalam, dan grafted Islam dengan cabang-cabangnya, seolah-olah mereka memperkuat itu. Tetapi sejak kemenangan yang sangat sedikit, dan depreciated Islam, saya telah sampai dengan cara itu. Dan saya menunjukkan [dalam Risale-i Nur] prinsip Islam yang sangat mendalam dari filosofi bahwa mereka tidak dapat menjangkau mereka, sesungguhnya, mereka tetap dangkal di sebelahnya. "[17. Mektûbat, 413.]
Dan, sekarang, ketika kewalahan oleh realisasi sendiri meningkat tahun dan sepintas sifat semua yang dia terpasang, Bediuzzaman's belajar afforded dia tidak terang, tidak ada harapan. "Kegelapan rohani yang timbul dari ilmu filsafat dari plunged saya semangat ke dalam alam semesta, suffocating it. Mana cara mencari aku melihat terang, saya tidak dapat menemukan hal-hal yang terang di dalam, saya tidak dapat bernafas ..."[ 18. Lem'alar, 229.]
Bediuzzaman dari krisis rohani dia diminta untuk mengundurkan diri dari masyarakat manusia dan mencari tempat sepi di tempat-tempat yang dihapus dari Istanbul kehidupan. Dia retreated ke Yusha Tepesi, [19. J titik kepentingan yang harus disebutkan di sini telah dicatat oleh Bediuzzaman dari mahasiswa tahun kemudian, Ibrahim Fakazli, dari salah satu dari Van Bediuzzaman siswa, Seyyid Shefik, Bediuzzaman yang bergabung di Istanbul pada kepulangannya dari tahanan di Rusia. Seyyid Shefik Efendi, yang kemudian Imam Masjid Sultan Ahmad di Istanbul, yang berkaitan dengan cara Fakazli Ibrahim Said Halim Pasha, dalam periode berikut nya diri dari kantor Sadriazam (Perdana Menteri) pada 1917, dan "sebelum pergi ke luar negeri", telah memutuskan untuk membuat sebuah ke Bediuzzaman estate di Bosphorus berisi kayu dan jumlah bangunan baik untuk tujuan mendirikan sebuah universitas Islam, karena ia tidak memiliki ahli waris. Namun pada saat ini telah menghilang Bediuzzaman off the scene selama satu bulan. Ketika itu ia belajar di Yusha Tepesi, kata telah dikirim ke orang yang dia hadir hanya untuk dirinya sendiri di Tanah-Registry Office untuk transaksi yang harus diselesaikan. Bediuzzaman minta dua puluh empat jam 'rahmat untuk mencari petunjuk, dimana dua' Levhas', atau tabel dalam ayat, mulai "Jangan panggil saya ke dunia!", Terjadi kepadanya, dan ia ditolak tawaran. That is to say, Bediuzzaman telah membuat keputusan "untuk meninggalkan dunia", dan pada kekuatan dua buah, yang kemudian dia termasuk dalam Risale-i Nur di ketujuhbelas Word, tidak kembali pada keputusan ( lihat, Sözler, 203-4). Acara ini, yang menunjukkan penghargaan yang diselenggarakan oleh Bediuzzaman tertinggi anggota yang Usmani pendirian, membuat kemungkinan bahwa proses transformasi itu ke dalam Said baru dimulai pada tanggal awal dan lanjutan untuk beberapa jangka waktu tertentu. Sebab, sebagai anggota dari CUP Pemerintah Turki yang telah diambil ke dalam Perang Dunia Pertama, Said Halim Pasha telah ditangkap pada awal Maret 1919, dan bersama dengan 66 orang lain, yang dikirim ke pengasingan di Malta kapal di Inggris pada tanggal 28 Mei 1919 (Lihat , Inal, Ibnü'l-Emin, Anak Sadriazamlar, iv, 1909-12). Dan masih ada dokumen menunjukkan Bediuzzaman sebagai penduduk di Sariyer pada bulan September, 1921.] Bukit yang tinggi di Asia samping Bosphorus-nya di dekat persimpangan dengan Laut Hitam. Di sini, ia memberitahu kita, dia tidak akan mengizinkan Abdurrahman bahkan hadir kepada kebutuhan penting. [20. Sualar, 446.] Dengan ini ia mengambil sebuah rumah di Sariyer, di samping Eropa, dan telah lama ini di rumah kayu yang masih berdiri Bediuzzaman dari krisis yang telah terselesaikan dan ia menemukan apa yang ia cari.
Ia Gawth-i A'zam, 'Abd al-Qadir Geylani, pertama yang datang ke Bediuzzaman dari bantuan. Salinan itu Fütûhu'l-Gayb datang ke Bediuzzaman dari milik "dengan senang hati kebetulan", dan membuka halaman secara acak untuk mengambil perlambang dari itu, baris datang atas:
Anta fi dari'l-hikmati fa'tlub tabiba yudawi qalbak [21. Awal membaca: "Ya ibada'llah Anta fi dari'l-hikmati; labud min al-wasita, atlubu min ma'budikum tabiba; yutibbu amrad qalbikum ..." Itu adalah di 62.. Meclis, hal 245, dari Shaykh Geylani kerja, al-Fath al-Rabbani, yang dicetak dalam edisi tanggal pasti telah terikat bersama Fütûh Al-Ghayb yang di bawah judul.]
atau, sebagai Bediuzzaman diinterpretasikan mereka:
"Oh, anda kurang! Sebagai bagian dari Darü'l-Hikmeti'l-Islamiye, Anda akan seolah-olah dokter pengasapan sicknesses rohani orang-orang Islam, sementara itu Anda yang sicker dari siapapun. Anda pertama-tama menemukan seorang dokter untuk diri sendiri, kemudian mencoba untuk menyembuhkan orang lain! "Bediuzzaman lanjutan:
"Jadi saya berkata kepada shaykh:" Anda menjadi dokter! 'Aku membawanya sebagai dokter, dan membaca buku seolah-olah ia menangani saya. Namun paling parah. It dobrak saya bangga dengan cara yang paling ngeri. It dilakukan operasi yang paling ganas pada jiwa. I couldn't stand it. Saya membaca setengah dari itu seolah-olah ia menangani saya, tapi tidak mempunyai kekuatan dan daya tahan untuk menyelesaikannya. Saya harus menempatkan kembali buku di rak. Kemudian satu minggu kemudian rasa sakit itu operasi subsided kuratif, dan senang datang di tempatnya. Aku kembali membuka buku dan membacanya kanan melalui; saya banyak mendapatkan manfaat dari buku saya yang pertama master. Aku mendengarkan doa-Nya dan supplications, dan profited banyak. [22. Mektûbat, 330; Sikke-i Tasdik-i Gaybî, 116-7.]
Kedua pekerjaan yang telah memainkan peranan dalam transformasi yang Lama ke Baru Said Said adalah Mektûbat of Shaykh Ahmad Sirhindi, Imam-i Rabbani. Beberapa saat setelah "obat" melalui mediasi dari Gawth-i A'zam, Bediuzzaman dibuka Imam-i Rabbani dari Mektûbat untuk mengambil perlambang dari ini juga. Dia menulis:
"Ini aneh, tetapi di seluruh Mektûbat, kata Bediuzzaman hanya muncul dua kali. Dan orang-orang yang jatuh dua huruf untuk saya buka sekaligus. Aku melihat yang tertulis di bagian kepala mereka adalah: Banding ke Mirza Bediuzzaman, dan ayah dari Mirza adalah nama. Kemuliaan kepada Allah! Saya berkata, surat-surat ini akan menangani saya. Pada saat itu di Old Said juga dikenal sebagai Bediuzzaman. Selain Bediuzzaman Hamadani, saya tidak tahu dari orang lain pada tiga ratus tahun yang terkenal dengan nama. Sedangkan di Imam saatnya ada orang yang seperti dia dan dia menulis dua huruf. Orang dari negara ini harus sudah mirip dengan tambang, karena saya menemukan surat-surat ini sebagai obat untuk saya kesusahan. Hanya, yang disarankan Imam persistently di banyak orang apa dia menulis surat-surat di kedua, yaitu: "Buat satu Qibla. 'Maksudnya, mengambil satu orang sebagai tuanmu dan mengikuti Dia; sendiri tidak peduli dengan orang lain." "[23. Mektûbat, 330-331.]
Bediuzzaman wrote ini yang paling penting bagian dari nasihat tampaknya tidak pantas untuk negara dari pikiran, dan dia melongo sebagai yang mengikuti. Dalam Pendahuluan Mesnevi ke-i Nuriye, ia menjelaskan ini secara lebih detail:
"Sejak lama Said berjalan lebih rasional dalam ilmu pengetahuan dan filosofis, ia mulai mencari jalan ke inti dari kenyataan seperti itu yang dari Sufi (AHL-i tarikat) dan mistik (AHL-i haqiqat). Tetapi dia bukan konten untuk melanjutkan jantung hanya seperti Sufis, untuk akal dan pikiran yang sedikit banyak luka oleh filosofi; obat yang diperlukan. Kemudian, dia ingin mengikuti sebagian besar mistik, yang mendekati kenyataan dengan baik hati dan pikiran. Dia memandang, dan masing-masing memiliki berbagai tempat wisata. Dia melongo sebagai dari mereka yang mengikuti. "[24. Mesnevi-i Nuriye, 7.] Tidak ada angka yang besar, seperti Imam Gazzali, Mawlana Jalaluddin Rumi, atau Imam-i Rabbani, menjawab segala kebutuhan.
Sedangkan di negara ini, "ia imparted ke Old Said dari banyak luka hati" yang sebenar yang tunggal tuan adalah Alquran. Terjadinya kepadanya "melalui Divine Mercy" yang "kepala berbagai cara dan sumber aliran ini dan Minggu ini adalah planets Semua Wise-Qur'an; Qibla tunggal yang benar harus ditemukan di dalamnya. Dalam hal ini, juga yang paling tinggi dan paling suci panduan master. Jadi saya tergenggam dengan kedua tangan dan clung on to it. "[25. Mektûbat, 331.]
Dengan demikian, kita dapat mengatakan bahwa Bediuzzaman's pencerahan terjadi dalam tiga tahapan. Pertama, ia menyadari kekurangan dari "filsafat manusia" dia belajar dan bagaimana ia pernah menjadi halangan kepada pencerahan dan kemajuan. And secondly, as Bediuzzaman himself confessed, through the “bitter medicine” of Shaykh ‘Abd al-Qadir Geylani’s Fütûhu’l-Gayb: “I understood my faults, perceived my wounds, and my pride was to a degree destroyed.”[26. Sikke-i Tasdik-i Gaybî, 117.] Then to complete the process of his transformation into the New Said, he understood through the Mektûbat of Imam-i Rabbani that he should take the Qur'an as his sole master. The instruction in Divine Unity he then received from the Qur'an through the phrase There is no god but God was “a most brilliant light” scattering the darkness in which he had been plunged and allowing him to breathe easily. Bediuzzaman describes how the Devil and his ‘evil-commanding soul’ would not brook this, and “relying on what they had learnt from philosophers and the people of misguidance, attacked his mind and his heart”, but that the ensuing debate resulted in “the heart’s victory.”[27. Lem’alar, 229.]
Bediuzzaman notes that he now proceeded “through an alliance of mind and heart”. That is, through the guidance of the Qur'an he found a way to the essence of reality through employing both the heart and the mind. And since it employed both heart and mind, he found that before anything it cured his wounded spirit and heart, and silencing Satan and his evil-commanding soul, rescued him from doubts and scepticism. This then was the way of the New Said. It was also to be the way of the Risale-i Nur. In fact, the first work the New Said wrote was a collection of eleven or so treatises in Arabic called the Mesnevi-i Nuriye, which he described as “a kind of seed of the Risale-i Nur”, and as “the seedbed” and the Risale-i Nur as “its garden.”[28. Mesnevi-i Nuriye, 7-8.]
As will be recalled, Bediuzzaman had undergone “a radical change in his ideas” at the turn of the century on learning of the explicit threats to the Qur'an and Islamic world made by the British Colonial Secretary, and had understood that he should dedicate his life to the defence of them with his learning. However events and his youth had served as “obstacles”, preventing him “taking up the duty.”[29. Sikke-i Tasdik-i Gaybî, 76.] From Bediuzzaman’s own accounts of his transformation into the New Said quoted above it is seen that his first realization was of the deficiency of “human philosophy” as opposed to revealed knowledge. And so, in addition to the other “obstacles” which had prevented him from “taking up his duty to defend the Qur'an and Islam” was his preoccupation with “philosophy”. Now some twenty years later at the age of forty-three or four, through what was clearly an overwhelming mental and spiritual upheaval, he had found what he had been searching for. Near the end of his life, he described this search in the presence of his close student, Mustafa Sungur:
“Sixty years ago, I was searching for a way to reach the truth and reality at the present time. That is, I was searching for a short way to obtain firm faith and belief and a complete understanding of Islam which would not be shaken by the attacks of the numerous negative and damaging currents. Firstly, I had recourse to the way of the philosophers; I wanted to reach the truth with just the reason. I reached it only twice with extreme difficulty. I looked and saw that even the greatest geniuses of mankind had gone only half the way, only one or two had been able to reach the truth by means of the reason alone. Then I said: ‘A way which even the greatest geniuses had been unable to take cannot be made general for everyone’, and I gave it up. For numerous philosophers, even Ibn-i Sina [Avicenna], Farabi, Aristotle and others had only got half way. I saw that only one or two had been able to rise to the truth. Then I understood that a path and way by which not even the great geniuses had been able to rise, could not be the way for everyone. Then I had recourse to the way of Sufism and studied it. I saw that it was most luminous and effulgent, but that it needed the greatest caution. Only the highest of the elite could take that way. And so, saying, neither can this way be a way for everyone at this time, I sought help from the Qur'an. And thanks be to God, the Risale-i Nur was bestowed on me, which at this time is a sound and short way of the Qur'an for the believers.”[30. Sungur, Mustafa, in Sahiner, N. Aydinlar Konusuyor, 399.]
"The strongest suara akan Islam"
Pada Desember 1919, Bediuzzaman memiliki "mimpi yang benar" atau semacam visi, dia yang kemudian direkam dan termasuk dalam Sünûhat. [1. Sünûhat, 41-47] Dia memberitahu kita bahwa ia ada pada saat itu sangat menderita pada pelaksanaan kegiatan dan telah "mencari cahaya dalam kegelapan lebat." Dalam mimpinya, Bediuzzaman was summoned oleh "yang besar berkumpul" dibuat terdiri dari wakil-wakil dari tokoh-tokoh terkemuka Islam dari masing-masing bernama dan pada abad ke account memberi masa kini negara Islam. Bertentangan dengan apa yang mungkin diharapkan, Bediuzzaman balasan yang keluar dari aspek-aspek positif dari kekalahan, termasuk memperkuat persaudaraan Islam dan Ottomans' yang disimpan tidak dibawa pergi ke mana yang lebih besar pada "yang kejam saat ini" dari kapitalisme. Kemudian, untuk menunjukkan mengapa Islam menolak peradaban modern Barat, yang epitomised oleh jelek dan eksploitasi kapitalisme dan imperialisme agresif sepanjang waktu, ia membuat perbandingan prinsip-prinsip yang pada peradaban Barat dan peradaban Islam didasarkan dan hasilnya. Hal ini sangat menarik dan asli eksposisi telah disambut dengan persetujuan oleh Majelis dalam mimpi, dan salah satu deputies dinyatakan:
"Ya, jangan berharap! Loudest yang kuat dan suara pada upheavals dan perubahan yang akan Islam! "
Perbandingan yang sama Barat dan peradaban Islam muncul dalam konteks yang berbeda di sejumlah Bediuzzaman dari karya periode. Dan dari hal ini dan referensi dari subjek yang sama, kita melihat secara lebih detail nya dilihat pada subjek, dan juga alasan untuk optimisme dan harapan untuk masa depan engendered oleh mimpi.
Perlu dicatat bahwa pertama Bediuzzaman sering menyatakan bahwa peradaban modern seperti itu tidak produk atau milik Kristen, baik itu menolak dan kemunduran dalam menjaga dengan Islam: "Untuk mempertimbangkan peradaban menjadi milik agama Kristen, yang mana tidak, dan untuk menunjukkan penurunan, yang merupakan musuh Islam, untuk menjadi teman-nya, adalah untuk menunjukkan bahwa cakrawala adalah bergulir di arah berlawanan. "[2. Sünûhat, 60-61; Mektûbat, 445.] Seperti yang kita sudah terlihat, Islam enjoins kemajuan dan terdiri dari semua kebutuhan peradaban: "Saya menyatakan dengan semua kekuatan yang tidak ada apa-apa yang baik di dalam kenyataan bahwa peradaban itu sendiri, atau yang lebih baik dari itu, tidak dijamin baik secara eksplisit atau mutlak oleh Islam ..."[ 3. Bediüzzaman Kürdi'nin Fihriste-i Makasidi, Volkan Nos 83-84, di Asar-i Bedi'iye, 373.] Dan lain dalam bekerja dia menulis: "Hal-hal yang dikenal sebagai virtues peradaban masing-masing adalah suatu hal yang diwujudkan syariah. "[4. Muhâkemat, 39.] Lebih ini, Bediuzzaman menyatakan bahwa Islam telah berperan penting dan peran penting dalam perkembangan peradaban modern:
"Saya tidak bisa menolak ini: ada sejumlah virtues dalam [modern] peradaban, tetapi mereka tidak milik agama Kristen, maupun penciptaan Eropa, maupun karya abad ini. Sebaliknya, mereka adalah milik semua. Mereka timbul dari gabungan pemikiran manusia, hukum-hukum yang diturunkan agama, harus asli, dan khususnya dari revolusi Islam yang dibawa oleh syariah Muhammad (PBUH). "[5. Sözler, 666-7.] Dan dia bekerja di lain menaruhnya bahkan lebih kuat dalam hal: "Yang baik dan kemajuan industri besar yang akan dilihat dalam peradaban Barat adalah sepenuhnya tercermin dan berasal dari peradaban Islam, petunjuk Alquran, dan [lainnya] diwahyukan agama ...."[ 6. Hubab, di Mesnevi-i Nuriye, 81.]
Namun, di Barat, yang evils peradaban telah datang ke atas melebihi aspek-aspek yang menguntungkan. Bediuzzaman memberikan dua alasan untuk hal ini. Yang pertama adalah sikap serba peradaban Barat terhadap "pemborosan" dan "appetites dari daging", yang timbul dari "tidak membuat agama dan kebaikan pada prinsip-prinsip peradaban." Sedangkan yang kedua adalah "yang menggemparkan ketidaksetaraan dalam alat mata pencaharian ", yang juga akhirnya akibat kurangnya agama. Hal ini akan mengakibatkan kerusakan-nya. [7. Muhâkemat, 37-38.]
Dengan demikian, Bediuzzaman prediksi bahwa karena peradaban Barat telah menjadi jauh dari kenyataan Kekristenan dan tidak didasarkan pada prinsip-prinsip agama diturunkan, namun pada orang-orang Yunani dan, terutama, filsafat Roma, ia akhirnya "berpencaran" dan "mengubah bentuk" , dan memberikan ruang bagi munculnya peradaban Islam. Perbandingan-Nya, kemudian, adalah antara "positif" Prinsip-prinsip dan hasil wahyu, dan "negatif" prinsip-prinsip dan hasil dari filsafat, atau antara petunjuk ilahi (hüda) dan genius, yang berarti 'alasan' (deha), karena dia kadang-kadang panggilan mereka. Peradaban barat dia menjelaskan sebagai berikut:
"It takes sebagai titik dukungan kekuatan, yang dalam agresi manifests sendiri. Maksud dan tujuan-nya adalah keuntungan dan kepentingan diri sendiri, setelah semua orang yang jostles dan tanpa kekangan pushes. Prinsip-nya dalam hidup adalah konflik, yang manifests diri dalam pertarungan dan perpecahan. Ikatan di antara berbagai kelompok adalah rasialisme dan nasionalisme negatif, yang berkembang di devouring lain dan yang manifests sendiri dalam menakuntukan clashes. Its alluring layanan mendorong nafsu dan gairah, memuaskan keinginan, dan memfasilitasi pencapaian dari whims. Dan sebagai bagi nafsu dan semangat, mereka membuat manusia turun dari tingkat para malaikat dengan anjing. Mereka menyebabkan dia menjadi binatang. Jika sebagian besar dari program tersebut sopan orang berpaling terbalik, kulit dari serigala, beruang, ular, babi, atau ape akan muncul. Atau jadi rasanya ke imajinasi. "
Prinsip-prinsip yang didasarkan peradaban Islam, di sisi lain, merupakan kebalikan ini:
"Dengan dukungan dari titik adalah kebenaran, bukan kekuatan yang nyata sebagai keadilan dan kesetaraan. Tujuannya adalah Allah dan kebaikan hati di tempat keuntungan dan kepentingan diri sendiri, yang nyata sebagai kasih dan ramah kompetisi. Yang berarti persatuan adalah obligasi dari agama, negara, dan kelas, bukan rasialisme dan nasionalisme yang nyata sebagai persaudaraan sejati dan rekonsiliasi, dan kerjasama dalam mempertahankan hanya melawan agresi di luar. Prinsip dalam hidup adalah gotong-royong dan kerjasama, bukan konflik yang nyata sebagai kesatuan dan saling mendukung. Di tempat nafsu adalah pedoman yang nyata bagi kemajuan sebagai manusia yang sempurna dan rohani. Ada yang membatasi gairah, dan bukan memfasilitasi dasar keinginan pemilik jasmani jiwa, ia gratifies tingginya sentimen roh. "[8. Sünûhat, 44; Sözler, 664, 119, 379; Mektûbat, 445-6.]
Dari berbagai aspek dari peradaban yang lebih rinci terdapat dalam perbandingan Bediuzzaman's bekerja, kami akan menyebutkan dua sebentar. Pertama ini adalah sastra.
Dalam sepotong pada subjek dalam Lemeat, kumpulan tulisan-tulisan bebas dalam ayat di berbagai mata pelajaran yang telah diterbitkan di Istanbul, mungkin dalam 1921, Bediuzzaman membuat perbandingan antara Al Qur'an sebagai sastra dan sastra Eropa. Sastra ini adalah diwakili oleh novel, yang telah ada adat istiadat yang kuat di antara 'Europeanized' Ottomans sejak waktu Abdulhamid. Bediuzzaman menyatakan bahwa ada tiga bidang sastra. Ini adalah berkaitan dengan cinta dan kecantikan, keperwiraan dan keberanian, dan ketiga, yang gambaran dari kenyataan. Regards Eropa sebagai sastra, ia mengatakan bahwa pada mengurutkan tidak tahu makna cinta, dan hanya excites yang jasmani appetites - walaupun purports menjadi tinggi hati dan mengutuk hal-hal sebagai unfitting untuk manusia, sedangkan di kedua , ia tidak benar nikmat dan keadilan, tetapi exalts konsep kekerasan.
Dalam gambaran kenyataan, Bediuzzaman menggambarkan Barat melihat secara lebih detail. Dia mengatakan bahwa sejak sastra Eropa regards alam semesta bukan sebagai Divine seni, tetapi dari sudut pandang alam, ia akan materialisme dan menyembah alam. Dan novel, baik dalam bentuk buku, atau sebagai teater atau bioskop, adalah satu-satunya obat yang telah mampu untuk menemukan keadaan roh timbul dari pimpinan salah ini. Dia pergi ke mengatakan bahwa keduanya menghasilkan perasaan kesedihan, namun saat kesedihan yang dihasilkan oleh Al Qur'an adalah dari sifat mulia dan ditinggikan, yang disebabkan oleh Eropa sastra tidak menawarkan harapan. Hal ini lagi-lagi mata air dari pandangan ini menyatakan keberadaan. Dunia adalah liar dan pemilik tempat; inspirasi apa yang kesedihan adalah "tuli alam" dan "memaksa buta". It is the pathetic duka dari anak yatim, kurangnya teman-teman, daripada mereka tidak ada. Sedangkan kedua dan memberikan kesenangan dan emosi yang mendebarkan, di mana Alquran stirs semangat dan bergerak semakin tinggi emosi, Eropa sastra merangsang manusia dan hewan appetites memberikan kesenangan kepada alam rendah saja. [9. Sözler, 686-8; lihat juga, Sözler, 382.]
Kedua aspek yang harus diperhatikan di sini adalah suatu sifat sosial-ekonomi. Ada kekhawatiran ketidakadilan yang melekat dalam peradaban Barat dan obat untuk menyedihkan konsekuensi yang diberikan oleh Islam.
Bediuzzaman merangkum akar penyebab yang besar sosial upheavals seorangpun yang menderita, khususnya abad ini, dalam dua frase. Salah satunya adalah: "Jadi selama I'm full, what is it to me jika lain mati kelaparan." Dan yang lain: "Anda perjuangan dan kerja sehingga saya dapat hidup dalam kemudahan dan kenyamanan." Lalu ia menunjukkan bahwa jika mereka akan eradicated, akan melalui penerapan Qur'anic perintah dari almsgiving (vüjub-u zekat) dan larangan tentang riba dan bunga (hurmet-i riba). Argumen nya adalah sebagai berikut:
Urging melalui kelas-kelas yang kaya untuk bertindak yang kejam, berat, dan sikap angkuh terhadap orang-orang miskin, yang pertama frase telah penyebab dari hasutan dan perselisihan yang telah datang dekat overturning kemanusiaan. Dan frase yang kedua, masyarakat miskin melalui berkendara ke pelabuhan kebencian dan kecemburuan terhadap orang kaya, telah selama beberapa abad hancur keamanan dan ketertiban masyarakat, dan abad ini, karena perjuangan antara modal dan tenaga kerja, telah diberikan menimbulkan kekacauan dan bencana di skala besar. Peran zekat dan larangan di dalam situasi ini adalah rectifying ini:
Faktor yang paling penting dalam menjaga ketertiban masyarakat secara keseluruhan tidak mengizinkan sebuah teluk untuk mengembangkan unbridgeable antara berbagai kelas. Kelas atas yang kaya dan tidak boleh menjadi begitu jauh dari kelas-kelas yang lebih rendah dan miskin bahwa saluran komunikasi yang rusak, seperti yang terjadi di Eropa peradaban. "Meskipun semua masyarakat untuk berbuat baik, semua segi untuk mengajar etik, semua parah disiplin dan peraturan", ia tidak dapat mendamaikan kedua kelas, dan tidak menyembuhkan dua luka dalam kehidupan manusia disebabkan oleh dua frase di atas. Namun, melalui membuat pembayaran zekat wajib dan melarang bunga, Islam mendirikan hubungan antara kaya dan miskin, dan link forges menghormati dan simpati di antara mereka. Dengan tidak memungkinkan untuk mengambil kelas berjauhan, ia menjaga ketertiban dan keseimbangan masyarakat. It "uproots" kedua frase dan menyembuhkan luka yang telah menyebabkan mereka dalam manusia. [10. Ishârâtü'l-I'caz, 47-49; Sözler, 380.]
Apa yang saat itu benar terdiri dari peradaban Islam, ia benar-benar dikalahkan oleh peradaban Barat? Dalam mimpinya, Bediuzzaman adalah menyangkut pertanggungjawaban ini. Dia diminta oleh salah satu deputies di Majelis: "Dengan tindakan yang Anda lakukan Anda mengeluarkan fatwa untuk Divine Menentukan memerintahkan agar bencana ini untuk Anda?" Bediuzzaman menjawab bahwa mereka telah lalai dari tiga 'pilar Islam '- yang diresepkan sembahyang, puasa di bulan Ramadan, dan pembayaran zekat - yang telah membawa kepada mereka itu. [11. Sünûhat, 47-48; Sözler, 667. ] Dan setelah itu ia menambahkan catatan ini, termasuk lalai dari haji.
The Absolute kerajaan Alquran
Banyak alasan yang telah menyentuh di menjelaskan Bediuzzaman dari pemikiran dan bekerja sampai di sini untuk penurunan dari dunia Islam dan Ottomans pada khususnya. Secara umum mereka dapat classed di bawah dua judul. Salah satunya adalah despotisme dan lainnya adalah agama, atau sebaliknya kegagalan untuk mematuhi prinsip-prinsip-nya dalam berbagai bidang. Keduanya saling berhubungan. Sewenang-wenang, bersama dengan banyak, sampai jauh, dan konsekuensi negatif, dan solusi bagi mereka dalam bentuk Constitutionalism dan Kebebasan dalam bidang syariah yang bekerja dengan dedikasi oleh Bediuzzaman, kami telah dibahas dalam beberapa detail. Berkaitan dengan agama, banyak daerah yang menolak mungkin dimasukkan di bawah judul ini, dan ini juga, bersama dengan solusi, telah dijelaskan di berbagai tempat. Misalnya, penurunan di bidang pembelajaran dan pendidikan medrese, dan solusi yang disampaikan oleh Bediuzzaman ini juga yang akan menyembuhkan deep rifts yang telah dikembangkan antara 'ulama, yang Sufi masyarakat, dan mereka dengan sekuler, pendidikan Barat latar belakang. Yang lalai terhadap sikap 'pilar Islam' yang disebutkan dalam mimpi di atas. Dan berbagai "sicknesses" dalam kehidupan sosial umat Islam, dan di bidang moral, dan "solusi" yang ditawarkan oleh Bediuzzaman dalam khotbah di Damaskus. Namun, daripada melakukan analisis yang komprehensif dari semua Bediuzzaman mengemukakan alasan untuk menolak dan relatif keterbelakangan dari dunia Islam, kami hanya akan membuat poin berikut.
Dalam Muhâkemat, kerja tertulis untuk membuat prinsip-prinsip Qur'anic penafsiran (tafsir) dan dipublikasikan pada 1911, penurunan atribut Bediuzzaman ke kenyataan bahwa jantung atau makna dari ajaran Islam telah ditinggalkan untuk externals. Dia menulis:
"... Meninggalkan inti dan kernel Islam, kami tetap kami gazes pada eksterior dan shell. Dan melalui salah dan kurang laku, kami tidak mampu Islam yang benar dan tidak membayar yang menghormati itu jatuh tempo. Jadi di kejijikan, ia swathed sendiri dalam awan dari ilusi dan khayalan, dan dirahasiakan itu sendiri. Dan yang berhak untuk kita dicampur Isra'iliyat [12. Isra'iliyat: ajaran dan cerita dengan waktu yang telah rusak dan menjadi superstitions dan telah diperkenalkan ke dalam Islam oleh ulama yang 'Ahli Kitab' mereka menjadi Muslim di masa awal Islam.] Dengan dasar kepercayaan, dan cerita dengan tenets iman, dan metafor dengan kebenaran kepercayaan, dan tidak menghargai nilai-nya. Jadi untuk menghukum kita di dunia ini, ia meninggalkan kami patuh dan kekurangan. Dan apa yang akan menyelamatkan kita, adalah rahmat-nya lagi. "[13. Muhâkemat, 7.]
Nanti dalam melakukan kerja yang sama, Bediuzzaman memperluas ini, menjelaskan bagaimana beberapa Isra'iliyat, dan filosofi dari Yunani, telah dimasukkan ke dalam Islam, dan "muncul dalam pakaian agama", telah dilemparkan ke dalam kekacauan pikiran. Menjelaskan bagaimana ini terjadi, ia menyimpulkan bahwa ketika komentar pada Alquran, beberapa 'externalist' 'ulama telah expounded tertentu dari ayat-ayat (nakliyat) dengan membuat mereka sesuai dengan Isra'iliyat. "Sedangkan", ia menulis. "Apa yang akan menjelaskan secara terperinci dan Alquran lagi adalah Alquran, hadis dan suara. Tidak Injil dan Taurat, yang ordinances telah superseded, mereka hanya sebagai cerita yang rusak. "
Adapun filsafat Yunani, ia telah rusak dari fables dan khurafat, dan hanya karena telah menyebabkan kebingungan, karena itu ia juga telah membuka jalan untuk sekedar peniruan (taqlid) di tempat investigasi dan dinamis beasiswa. Seandainya ada yang akan poin kesamaan dan kesepakatan antara filsafat dan hal-hal dari Al Qur'an yang menuntut penggunaan alasan (akliyat), externalist ulama menjelaskan ayat-ayat dari segi falsafah dan diadaptasi ke mereka. Bediuzzaman kemudian berkata:
"Tuhan melarang! ... Untuk kriteria dari Kitab Miraculous Exposition adalah miraculousness. Its expounder dan komentator adalah bagian. Maknanya yang ada di. Its shell juga adalah mutiara, tidak clods ...."[ 14. Sünûhat, 16-18.]
Dan sebagainya untuk kembali ke Sünûhat, diterbitkan di 1919-20, dan bagian yang bersangkutan dengan Al Qur'an dan menolak Islam. Berjudul, The Absolute kerajaan Alquran, ia menjelaskan apa Bediuzzaman dianggap "yang paling penting yang menyebabkan masyarakat Islam menampilkan kecerobohan dan kelalaian dalam precepts dari agama."
Yang esensi dari Bediuzzaman's argumen adalah bahwa walaupun ia adalah sacredness (qudsiyet) dari Al Qur'an, bukan alasan, bahwa drive massa dari orang-orang biasa untuk memenuhi ke precepts agama, cara Qur'anic komentar dan buku pada syariah telah dikembangkan dalam kursus adalah waktu seperti yang mereka telah datang untuk bertindak sebagai cadarnya untuk Alquran dari sacredness.
Pertama di argumen, Bediuzzaman menyatakan bahwa meskipun dasar kepercayaan Islam dan pilar, yaitu 'pribadi' milik dari Alquran dan sunnah Nabi (PBUH), yang expounds Alquran, berupa sembilan puluh per sen dari agama, dan hal-hal yang kontroversial yang terbuka untuk interpretasi (ijtihadî) formulir hanya sepuluh persen, pada waktu tertentu saja mantan telah "di bawah naungan" yang kedua, telah digabungkan dengan mereka, dan menjadi subordinat kepada mereka.
Kemudian, sementara "buku-buku dari orang-orang yang layak untuk menafsirkan hukum (mujtahidin) harus seperti sarana dan menampilkan Alquran seolah-olah mereka kaca, mereka tidak harus bertindak atas nama yang maupun mengaburkan itu", maka pada buku-buku yang perhatian massa dari orang-orang yang beriman menjadi difokuskan. Mereka hanya memiliki pemikiran dalam Alquran kabur jenis jalan. Mereka telah membaca buku-buku ini untuk memahami bagaimana Al Qur'an tidak mengatakan, tetapi apa yang penulis katakan. Sebagai hasil dari ini biasa mukmin dari hati nurani "untuk menjadi yang tak biasa, dan menjadi tak bernyawa dan tdk ada reaksi." Namun, Bediuzzaman terus:
"Jika Alquran telah ditunjukkan langsung pada dasar dari agama, pikiran akan secara alami dirasakan sacredness nya, yang mendesak kesesuaian [ke precepts agama], adalah rouser dari hati nurani, dan [Alquran 's] inheren properti. Dengan cara ini hati akan menjadi peka terhadap, dan tidak akan tetap tuli ke admonitions kepercayaan. "
Bediuzzaman kemudian menyatakan bahwa ada tiga cara untuk mengarahkan perhatian massa dari orang-orang yang beriman kepada Al Qur'an - "dengan contoh dari Pra-Eternal Alamat, yang shimmers dengan adanya daya tarik untuk miraculousness, memiliki halo dari sacredness, dan terus stirs dengan hati nurani melalui kepercayaan. "Yang pertama dia menjelaskan sebagai berbahaya, yang kedua karena memerlukan waktu, sedangkan yang ketiga adalah untuk menghapus tutupan obscuring Alquran dan ditampilkan secara langsung kepada orang-orang biasa, untuk mencari yang" murni, unmixed properti " dari dirinya sendiri, dan hanya dengan kedua (bilvasita) dari keputusan yang berarti.
That is to say, yang dasar dan utama, seperti yang kita lihat berupa sembilan puluh persen, harus dicari dari Al Qur'an itu sendiri dan dari sunnah, sedangkan yang kedua hal-hal penting, yang terbuka untuk interpretasi dan formulir sepuluh persen, dicari dari karya mereka layak untuk menafsirkan mereka, yaitu mujtahids. Jika yang telah terjadi, permintaan tersebut benar-benar ditampilkan untuk berbagai komentar dan buku-buku di atas syariah dan dibagi di antara mereka yang telah diarahkan kepada Alquran itu sendiri, memang, permintaan akan lebih besar karena sudah kebutuhan. Dan di jalan yang akan Alquran telah dominan dan berpengaruh dalam arti penuh atas masyarakat Muslim.
Bediuzzaman memiliki mimpi signifikan segera setelah menulis bagian ini, dan disertakan pada akhirnya. Kami juga sertakan:
"Suatu malam segera setelah menulis hal ini, saya bermimpi Nabi (peace and blessings be upon him). Saya berada dalam medrese dalam keberadaan diberkati. Nabi telah memerintahkan saya pergi ke dalam Alquran. Mereka membawa Alquran, Nabi (peace and blessings be upon him) naik ke kaki dari hormati. Itu terjadi kepada saya bahwa pada saat itu dia bangkit untuk membimbing masyarakat.
"Akhirnya saya mimpi ini berkaitan dengan benar anggota masyarakat, dan ia diinterpretasikan dalam cara ini:" Ini adalah tanda yang kuat dan beberapa kabar gembira bahwa Alquran dari Mighty tinggi yang akan mendapatkan posisi yang agung itu layak di seluruh dunia. "[15. Sünûhat, 31-35.]
Kelahiran Baru Said
Beberapa dua tahun setelah kembali ke Istanbul dari tawanan perang-of-kamp di Rusia, Bediuzzaman interior mengalami perubahan radikal, "yang aneh revolusi roh", dan inti dari kekacauan ini, Said yang baru dilahirkan. Hal itu jelas dari Abdurrahman dari biografi dan dari permintaan sendiri tanpa izin dari Darü'l-Hikmet yang kepulangannya dari Bediuzzaman menderita kesulitan tertentu. Jenis perang yang keras dan kondisi yang telah diambil mereka tertawan tol pada kesehatan, sementara kekalahan Usmani dan luar pekerjaan adalah sumber besar. Namun, seperti yang kita lihat pada akhir piece menjelaskan kepada "kesadaran" di masjid kecil di samping sungai Volga, Bediuzzaman dianggap dua tahun itu kembali, walaupun segala aktivitas, untuk jangka waktu heedlessness, yang saat itu ketenaran dan tepuk tangan sorak dia menerima untuk sementara membuat dia lupa kepada keputusan untuk menarik diri dari kehidupan sosial dan berkonsentrasi pada dakhil. Bediuzzaman menggambarkan besar berputar-titik yang kemudian terjadi pada beberapa detail di berbagai tempat di dalam karya-karyanya, dan kami akan grafik-nya dari kursus ini.
Nampaknya beberapa flashes realisasi ulang dari proses "kesadaran spiritual". Ini terjadi di tempat yg tinggi poin yang menghadap kota Istanbul dan mengambil bentuk perwujudan bulat realitas kematian dan pemisahan, tua dan kesementaraan dari hal. Bediuzzaman mengatakan bahwa saat itu, sebelum apa-apa, ia mencoba untuk mencari penghiburan dan sinar terang dalam belajar dan hal-hal yang dia telah belajar untuk jadi bertahun-tahun. Tapi daripada menyediakan ini, ia menemukan bahwa mereka telah "dirtied nya roh", dan telah merupakan kendala kepada kemajuan rohani. [16. Lem'alar, 226-228.]
Sampai saat ini, telah Bediuzzaman "nya otak diisi dengan falsafah serta ilmu Islam", sebab ia berpikir bahwa "falsafah ilmu merupakan sarana untuk kemajuan rohani dan pencerahan." Selain itu, dia dari pendapat bahwa ilmu pengetahuan Eropa filsafat dan dapat digunakan untuk "memperkuat" dan "memperkuat" Islam. Dia digambarkan seperti ini:
"The Old Said bersama sekelompok pemikir diterima sebagian prinsip-prinsip filosofi manusia [yang bertentangan untuk mengungkapkan pengetahuan] ilmu dan Eropa, dan memerangi mereka dengan senjata mereka sendiri, mereka mengakui mereka gelar. Mereka diterima unshakeably beberapa prinsip mereka dalam bentuk ilmu yang positif, sehingga tidak dapat membuktikan kebenaran nilai Islam. Cukup, mereka seharusnya filosofi dari akar yang akan sangat dalam, dan grafted Islam dengan cabang-cabangnya, seolah-olah mereka memperkuat itu. Tetapi sejak kemenangan yang sangat sedikit, dan depreciated Islam, saya telah sampai dengan cara itu. Dan saya menunjukkan [dalam Risale-i Nur] prinsip Islam yang sangat mendalam dari filosofi bahwa mereka tidak dapat menjangkau mereka, sesungguhnya, mereka tetap dangkal di sebelahnya. "[17. Mektûbat, 413.]
Dan, sekarang, ketika kewalahan oleh realisasi sendiri meningkat tahun dan sepintas sifat semua yang dia terpasang, Bediuzzaman's belajar afforded dia tidak terang, tidak ada harapan. "Kegelapan rohani yang timbul dari ilmu filsafat dari plunged saya semangat ke dalam alam semesta, suffocating it. Mana cara mencari aku melihat terang, saya tidak dapat menemukan hal-hal yang terang di dalam, saya tidak dapat bernafas ..."[ 18. Lem'alar, 229.]
Bediuzzaman dari krisis rohani dia diminta untuk mengundurkan diri dari masyarakat manusia dan mencari tempat sepi di tempat-tempat yang dihapus dari Istanbul kehidupan. Dia retreated ke Yusha Tepesi, [19. J titik kepentingan yang harus disebutkan di sini telah dicatat oleh Bediuzzaman dari mahasiswa tahun kemudian, Ibrahim Fakazli, dari salah satu dari Van Bediuzzaman siswa, Seyyid Shefik, Bediuzzaman yang bergabung di Istanbul pada kepulangannya dari tahanan di Rusia. Seyyid Shefik Efendi, yang kemudian Imam Masjid Sultan Ahmad di Istanbul, yang berkaitan dengan cara Fakazli Ibrahim Said Halim Pasha, dalam periode berikut nya diri dari kantor Sadriazam (Perdana Menteri) pada 1917, dan "sebelum pergi ke luar negeri", telah memutuskan untuk membuat sebuah ke Bediuzzaman estate di Bosphorus berisi kayu dan jumlah bangunan baik untuk tujuan mendirikan sebuah universitas Islam, karena ia tidak memiliki ahli waris. Namun pada saat ini telah menghilang Bediuzzaman off the scene selama satu bulan. Ketika itu ia belajar di Yusha Tepesi, kata telah dikirim ke orang yang dia hadir hanya untuk dirinya sendiri di Tanah-Registry Office untuk transaksi yang harus diselesaikan. Bediuzzaman minta dua puluh empat jam 'rahmat untuk mencari petunjuk, dimana dua' Levhas', atau tabel dalam ayat, mulai "Jangan panggil saya ke dunia!", Terjadi kepadanya, dan ia ditolak tawaran. That is to say, Bediuzzaman telah membuat keputusan "untuk meninggalkan dunia", dan pada kekuatan dua buah, yang kemudian dia termasuk dalam Risale-i Nur di ketujuhbelas Word, tidak kembali pada keputusan ( lihat, Sözler, 203-4). Acara ini, yang menunjukkan penghargaan yang diselenggarakan oleh Bediuzzaman tertinggi anggota yang Usmani pendirian, membuat kemungkinan bahwa proses transformasi itu ke dalam Said baru dimulai pada tanggal awal dan lanjutan untuk beberapa jangka waktu tertentu. Sebab, sebagai anggota dari CUP Pemerintah Turki yang telah diambil ke dalam Perang Dunia Pertama, Said Halim Pasha telah ditangkap pada awal Maret 1919, dan bersama dengan 66 orang lain, yang dikirim ke pengasingan di Malta kapal di Inggris pada tanggal 28 Mei 1919 (Lihat , Inal, Ibnü'l-Emin, Anak Sadriazamlar, iv, 1909-12). Dan masih ada dokumen menunjukkan Bediuzzaman sebagai penduduk di Sariyer pada bulan September, 1921.] Bukit yang tinggi di Asia samping Bosphorus-nya di dekat persimpangan dengan Laut Hitam. Di sini, ia memberitahu kita, dia tidak akan mengizinkan Abdurrahman bahkan hadir kepada kebutuhan penting. [20. Sualar, 446.] Dengan ini ia mengambil sebuah rumah di Sariyer, di samping Eropa, dan telah lama ini di rumah kayu yang masih berdiri Bediuzzaman dari krisis yang telah terselesaikan dan ia menemukan apa yang ia cari.
Ia Gawth-i A'zam, 'Abd al-Qadir Geylani, pertama yang datang ke Bediuzzaman dari bantuan. Salinan itu Fütûhu'l-Gayb datang ke Bediuzzaman dari milik "dengan senang hati kebetulan", dan membuka halaman secara acak untuk mengambil perlambang dari itu, baris datang atas:
Anta fi dari'l-hikmati fa'tlub tabiba yudawi qalbak [21. Awal membaca: "Ya ibada'llah Anta fi dari'l-hikmati; labud min al-wasita, atlubu min ma'budikum tabiba; yutibbu amrad qalbikum ..." Itu adalah di 62.. Meclis, hal 245, dari Shaykh Geylani kerja, al-Fath al-Rabbani, yang dicetak dalam edisi tanggal pasti telah terikat bersama Fütûh Al-Ghayb yang di bawah judul.]
atau, sebagai Bediuzzaman diinterpretasikan mereka:
"Oh, anda kurang! Sebagai bagian dari Darü'l-Hikmeti'l-Islamiye, Anda akan seolah-olah dokter pengasapan sicknesses rohani orang-orang Islam, sementara itu Anda yang sicker dari siapapun. Anda pertama-tama menemukan seorang dokter untuk diri sendiri, kemudian mencoba untuk menyembuhkan orang lain! "Bediuzzaman lanjutan:
"Jadi saya berkata kepada shaykh:" Anda menjadi dokter! 'Aku membawanya sebagai dokter, dan membaca buku seolah-olah ia menangani saya. Namun paling parah. It dobrak saya bangga dengan cara yang paling ngeri. It dilakukan operasi yang paling ganas pada jiwa. I couldn't stand it. Saya membaca setengah dari itu seolah-olah ia menangani saya, tapi tidak mempunyai kekuatan dan daya tahan untuk menyelesaikannya. Saya harus menempatkan kembali buku di rak. Kemudian satu minggu kemudian rasa sakit itu operasi subsided kuratif, dan senang datang di tempatnya. Aku kembali membuka buku dan membacanya kanan melalui; saya banyak mendapatkan manfaat dari buku saya yang pertama master. Aku mendengarkan doa-Nya dan supplications, dan profited banyak. [22. Mektûbat, 330; Sikke-i Tasdik-i Gaybî, 116-7.]
Kedua pekerjaan yang telah memainkan peranan dalam transformasi yang Lama ke Baru Said Said adalah Mektûbat of Shaykh Ahmad Sirhindi, Imam-i Rabbani. Beberapa saat setelah "obat" melalui mediasi dari Gawth-i A'zam, Bediuzzaman dibuka Imam-i Rabbani dari Mektûbat untuk mengambil perlambang dari ini juga. Dia menulis:
"Ini aneh, tetapi di seluruh Mektûbat, kata Bediuzzaman hanya muncul dua kali. Dan orang-orang yang jatuh dua huruf untuk saya buka sekaligus. Aku melihat yang tertulis di bagian kepala mereka adalah: Banding ke Mirza Bediuzzaman, dan ayah dari Mirza adalah nama. Kemuliaan kepada Allah! Saya berkata, surat-surat ini akan menangani saya. Pada saat itu di Old Said juga dikenal sebagai Bediuzzaman. Selain Bediuzzaman Hamadani, saya tidak tahu dari orang lain pada tiga ratus tahun yang terkenal dengan nama. Sedangkan di Imam saatnya ada orang yang seperti dia dan dia menulis dua huruf. Orang dari negara ini harus sudah mirip dengan tambang, karena saya menemukan surat-surat ini sebagai obat untuk saya kesusahan. Hanya, yang disarankan Imam persistently di banyak orang apa dia menulis surat-surat di kedua, yaitu: "Buat satu Qibla. 'Maksudnya, mengambil satu orang sebagai tuanmu dan mengikuti Dia; sendiri tidak peduli dengan orang lain." "[23. Mektûbat, 330-331.]
Bediuzzaman wrote ini yang paling penting bagian dari nasihat tampaknya tidak pantas untuk negara dari pikiran, dan dia melongo sebagai yang mengikuti. Dalam Pendahuluan Mesnevi ke-i Nuriye, ia menjelaskan ini secara lebih detail:
"Sejak lama Said berjalan lebih rasional dalam ilmu pengetahuan dan filosofis, ia mulai mencari jalan ke inti dari kenyataan seperti itu yang dari Sufi (AHL-i tarikat) dan mistik (AHL-i haqiqat). Tetapi dia bukan konten untuk melanjutkan jantung hanya seperti Sufis, untuk akal dan pikiran yang sedikit banyak luka oleh filosofi; obat yang diperlukan. Kemudian, dia ingin mengikuti sebagian besar mistik, yang mendekati kenyataan dengan baik hati dan pikiran. Dia memandang, dan masing-masing memiliki berbagai tempat wisata. Dia melongo sebagai dari mereka yang mengikuti. "[24. Mesnevi-i Nuriye, 7.] Tidak ada angka yang besar, seperti Imam Gazzali, Mawlana Jalaluddin Rumi, atau Imam-i Rabbani, menjawab segala kebutuhan.
Sedangkan di negara ini, "ia imparted ke Old Said dari banyak luka hati" yang sebenar yang tunggal tuan adalah Alquran. Terjadinya kepadanya "melalui Divine Mercy" yang "kepala berbagai cara dan sumber aliran ini dan Minggu ini adalah planets Semua Wise-Qur'an; Qibla tunggal yang benar harus ditemukan di dalamnya. Dalam hal ini, juga yang paling tinggi dan paling suci panduan master. Jadi saya tergenggam dengan kedua tangan dan clung on to it. "[25. Mektûbat, 331.]
Dengan demikian, kita dapat mengatakan bahwa Bediuzzaman's pencerahan terjadi dalam tiga tahapan. Pertama, ia menyadari kekurangan dari "filsafat manusia" dia belajar dan bagaimana ia pernah menjadi halangan kepada pencerahan dan kemajuan. And secondly, as Bediuzzaman himself confessed, through the “bitter medicine” of Shaykh ‘Abd al-Qadir Geylani’s Fütûhu’l-Gayb: “I understood my faults, perceived my wounds, and my pride was to a degree destroyed.”[26. Sikke-i Tasdik-i Gaybî, 117.] Then to complete the process of his transformation into the New Said, he understood through the Mektûbat of Imam-i Rabbani that he should take the Qur'an as his sole master. The instruction in Divine Unity he then received from the Qur'an through the phrase There is no god but God was “a most brilliant light” scattering the darkness in which he had been plunged and allowing him to breathe easily. Bediuzzaman describes how the Devil and his ‘evil-commanding soul’ would not brook this, and “relying on what they had learnt from philosophers and the people of misguidance, attacked his mind and his heart”, but that the ensuing debate resulted in “the heart’s victory.”[27. Lem’alar, 229.]
Bediuzzaman notes that he now proceeded “through an alliance of mind and heart”. That is, through the guidance of the Qur'an he found a way to the essence of reality through employing both the heart and the mind. And since it employed both heart and mind, he found that before anything it cured his wounded spirit and heart, and silencing Satan and his evil-commanding soul, rescued him from doubts and scepticism. This then was the way of the New Said. It was also to be the way of the Risale-i Nur. In fact, the first work the New Said wrote was a collection of eleven or so treatises in Arabic called the Mesnevi-i Nuriye, which he described as “a kind of seed of the Risale-i Nur”, and as “the seedbed” and the Risale-i Nur as “its garden.”[28. Mesnevi-i Nuriye, 7-8.]
As will be recalled, Bediuzzaman had undergone “a radical change in his ideas” at the turn of the century on learning of the explicit threats to the Qur'an and Islamic world made by the British Colonial Secretary, and had understood that he should dedicate his life to the defence of them with his learning. However events and his youth had served as “obstacles”, preventing him “taking up the duty.”[29. Sikke-i Tasdik-i Gaybî, 76.] From Bediuzzaman’s own accounts of his transformation into the New Said quoted above it is seen that his first realization was of the deficiency of “human philosophy” as opposed to revealed knowledge. And so, in addition to the other “obstacles” which had prevented him from “taking up his duty to defend the Qur'an and Islam” was his preoccupation with “philosophy”. Now some twenty years later at the age of forty-three or four, through what was clearly an overwhelming mental and spiritual upheaval, he had found what he had been searching for. Near the end of his life, he described this search in the presence of his close student, Mustafa Sungur:
“Sixty years ago, I was searching for a way to reach the truth and reality at the present time. That is, I was searching for a short way to obtain firm faith and belief and a complete understanding of Islam which would not be shaken by the attacks of the numerous negative and damaging currents. Firstly, I had recourse to the way of the philosophers; I wanted to reach the truth with just the reason. I reached it only twice with extreme difficulty. I looked and saw that even the greatest geniuses of mankind had gone only half the way, only one or two had been able to reach the truth by means of the reason alone. Then I said: ‘A way which even the greatest geniuses had been unable to take cannot be made general for everyone’, and I gave it up. For numerous philosophers, even Ibn-i Sina [Avicenna], Farabi, Aristotle and others had only got half way. I saw that only one or two had been able to rise to the truth. Then I understood that a path and way by which not even the great geniuses had been able to rise, could not be the way for everyone. Then I had recourse to the way of Sufism and studied it. I saw that it was most luminous and effulgent, but that it needed the greatest caution. Only the highest of the elite could take that way. And so, saying, neither can this way be a way for everyone at this time, I sought help from the Qur'an. And thanks be to God, the Risale-i Nur was bestowed on me, which at this time is a sound and short way of the Qur'an for the believers.”[30. Sungur, Mustafa, in Sahiner, N. Aydinlar Konusuyor, 399.]
